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The Mysterious Life of Reality – Book

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Gabriel

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Gabriel Ra’am

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Essays

Nissan Publishing House

The mysterious life of reality

Essays.

(c)All rights reserved to the author.

Nissan Publishing. 2021

Gabyraam89@gmail.com

 Layout: Lev Ari Studio

Cover design: Lev Ari Studio

Third printing and re-editing.

(Previous prints under the pseudonym: Gabriel Ben Yehuda)

Available only in digital format.

toc

First of all โ€“ by Professor Shlomo Giora Shoham

Part One: The Approach

Introduction: Remote observations

Introduction: The Mysterious Life

Part Two: The Gate of Knowledge

Introduction to the Gate of Knowledge

The mysterious life of reality

Dreaming Life

What matters

The antithesis as a friend

Be natural at the level of spirit

Adapting to life

Sweet fantasy princess

Self-cheating

Romance

About spiritual mediocrity

Settlement price

From a historical perspective

Three Essays on Education: 

1. Institutional education 

2.The dominant education

3. Authentic (organic) education

3Essays on society:

1.The social animal and the individual entity

2.The sick society

3.Seven social settings

The One and Only Free Will

Work and study (or pure study)

The Great Power of the Status Quo

The pure valence of postmodern art 

Be up, be down

Dead Transition to Living Present

On rioting, rioting and calamity

Vive Le Bourgeoisie

The Art of Storytelling and Song โ€“ The Truth of Falsehood

Interpersonal Communication Series โ€“ The Games of Human Beings

About magnetic dynamics in communication

The Rounded Nature of Authentic Communication

The hidden worlds in interpersonal communication

Mind-Body Relations:Man in the Dimensions of Body, Space and Time

Our Bodies โ€“ The Resonance Bell

Body Language of the Mind

The existential change

The Guide to Locating the Soul in the Considerable Realms of Existence

The True Nature of Resistance and Difficulty

About total questions

Part Three: The Gate of the Soul

Introduction to the Gate of the Soul

In the Spirit Kingdom

Transdenticism

Dove-Man

Matter & Spirit

Me and God

peace

In Praise of the Outcry

The Art of Living

About the True Wisdom

Something is missing

Amphibians 

And everything in between

Warrior’s Way

In Praise of Warrior Posture

Bottom Line

The Secret of Our Brother, The Lone Horseman

Isn’t

About the internal dispute

Dreaming Reality โ€“ Obituary

“Sad Lisa”

Graduation art

Selling the Soul

What are they talking about?

From shock to shock

Part Four: The Gate of Existence

Introduction to the Gate of Existence

The impermanence of human existence

Life goes by 

Everything passes

Life is nothing but a train

Inertia

Missed lives and opportunities

About the unbearable vibration of the soap bubble

The intoxication of youth

Determined old age

Life as a corridor

In Praise of Philosophy

Isn’t โ€“ Ambassador of Death

Madame History

Death

Here lie our bodies

We, who are going to die

On and out

People singing

The Three Levels of Time

Man and the question of free time

On and out 

The Three Levels of Time

From the vicissitudes of age, time and their illusions

Live life

Lives

The transformation of a man into a wolf

Combat shock

 Eli Karev

Let there be sadness

About worry and anxiety

Death and the meaning of life

Sayings and quotes

Sources of influence

Bibliography

First things first

It is my honor and pleasure to open Gabriel Ra’am’s important, interesting and profound work. This is a spiritual and developmental biography of a thinking and feeling man. Gabi first shows us the gaping chasm between the group, the other, the oppressive inclusiveness and the oppressive institutional system and the sensitivity, depth and pain of the individual struggling for his right to be discovered and created. The excellence of the individual, which breaks down into the walls of the forceful establishment, constitutes the essence of his suffering. This struggle can end in the despair of the individual, who lies lying at the foot of the pyramid of achievement, with the Sisyphean Abu crushing him helplessly.

The abundant hope from Gabi’s important work stems from the possible dialectic between the individual and the daily routine and the forcefulness of the systems that surround us. The individual, in his desperate pursuit of authenticity, can experience a revelation of grace and turn it into a creative experience. As long as we do not anchor ourselves on vague goals, which retreat from us like a spectacle, but strive for authenticity in every moment of our existence, we can emerge from the suffocating clutches of absurdity. Gabi shows us the possibility of the existence of the authentic person even within the stonewalled distraction and revulsion of the inclusive others.

Gabi’s essays in his book join together a tractate of a theory of life, in which all the effort can find a special escape route for himself and for himself alone from the bastard power of the establishment. In this respect, Gabi Leman’s wisdom is similar to the desert: each individual finds in it flavors that suit his uniqueness.

Professor Shlomo Giora Shoham

Tel Aviv University. 

Part One: The Approach

Introduction: Remote observations

“Give me a fulcrum outside the world,” Archimedes said, “and I will move the whole world.” That fulcrum would have allowed us a different, broader and truer view of reality. A vision that is impossible as long as we are immersed in reality, part of it and involved in it.

We are prevented from physically leaving the boundaries of our reality, but we have the ability to ‘visit’ somewhere even without being physically there, the ability to reach the Archimedean fulcrum outside our reality. With the power of limitless thought, we can ‘visit’ regions of our past, ‘travel’ to distant places, or place ourselves at a vantage point outside of ourselves, from which we can observe ourselves. The thought, as an ambassador of the spirit, is the most experienced, efficient and unlimited tourist we have. It doesn’t need visas, transit visas, or airline tickets, just freedom.

About two-thirds of the book are vantage points, attempting to examine issues in our lives from afar.The heart of the matter can only be seen from a distance.Too often we get lost to ourselves, swallowed up by reality, lose perspective and lose the ability to recognize ourselves regardless of what happens to us; without that external fulcrum we are like a spider weaving webs around itself and becoming entangled in them.

The position from which we observe our lives determines the size of the cage in which our lives are conducted. The beliefs and attitudes we choose for ourselves can be the bars of the cage of our lives; Or their pedestal of dispatch into a greater and broader reality; For the real cage, the only cage we are imprisoned in, exists only in our minds, and it is the way we think about our lives.

The topics of the essays are varied and deal with different aspects of human life: communication, old age, education, history, studies and work, youth, wisdom, time, death, and so on. All the masses continue one after the other, parallel to each other, one inside the other, horizontally and lengthwise, above and below, and even overlapping each other in several places. The more essays one reads, the more an underground layer is revealed and painted, a kind of diagram, an overall form, one complete appointee, which is the author’s worldview and the conceptual basis of the book. What is the soul of the book? Without being at peace with the definition, but in the broadest sense, it can be called: a spiritual worldview.

A person who is shot at night can only estimate the source of the fire based on the source of the noise and the location of the flash. The same is true of spirituality (or the true unknown reality); All that can be said about it is that it is highly influential โ€“ like that anonymous shareholder who sends his secret instructions by email to the CEO. In the end, all that can be learned about spirituality (or the real unknown reality) are merely clues, giving some idea of where it is going. This book tries to do this, trying to weave a clue into a clue, mass into mass โ€“ until a kind of diagram appears, a kind of arrow pointing in the direction of the real unknown reality.

In the mid-seventies of the last century, the B.B.C. prepared a series on the 13 major religions. In the chapter on the Hindu religion, the interviewer asked the cleric: “Tell me, what is the relationship between your religion and the God of the Hindu religion?” The man replied, “Our religion is like a finger, and God is the direction it points to. But the problem is that people are looking at their finger instead of the direction it’s pointing.”

About the book:

The book consists of essays arranged in three gates, and each gate constitutes a central access. The first two gates โ€“ the mind and the soul โ€“ are an attempt to look at our lives from a spiritual perspective, in order to discover in them the sparks of holiness that have dispersed and been swallowed up by shells. The third gate, on the other hand, looks at life as it is, from naked existence as it is to itself, existential.

The three covers of the book are::

1. The Gate of Knowledge: It is a position that looks into our lives through reason, intellect and thought; It is a theoretical-theoretical gateway, which illuminates aspects of our lives through psychological, philosophical and other approaches. The affinity of this section is research and essayist.

2. The Gate of the Soul: This is a vantage point that looks at our lives through the soul, heart and inner life. The connection of this part is poetic.

3. The Gate of Existence: This gate comes from the bottom line of our lives, not from the towers and hopes. Like Ecclesiastes at the time, this gate attempts to address the three lowest levels of human existence: horror (Sรธren Kierkragaard), obscurity (Martin Heidegger) and absurdity (Albert Camus) โ€“ to deal with them and try to derive meaning through them and their authority. (As Viktor Frankl writes in his book: “Man searches for meaning“).

The affinity of this part is existential.

This book is original and authentic, but this does not ignore ‘correspondence’ and affinities with other writings, which inspired their spirit and confirmed substantial parts of the text.

The book consists of vantage points that attempt to examine issues in our lives from afar.The heart of the matter can only be seen from a distance.Too often we get lost to ourselves, swallowed up by reality, lose perspective and lose the ability to recognize ourselves regardless of what happens to us; without that external fulcrum we are like a spider weaving webs around itself and becoming entangled in them.

The position from which we observe our lives determines the size of the cage in which our lives are conducted. The beliefs and attitudes we choose for ourselves can be the bars of the cage of our lives; Or their pedestal of dispatch into a greater and broader reality; For the real cage, the only cage we are imprisoned in, exists only in our minds, and it is the way we think about our lives.

The topics of the essays are varied and deal with different aspects of human life: communication, old age, education, history, studies and work, youth, wisdom, time, death, and so on. All the masses continue one after the other, parallel to each other, one inside the other, horizontally and lengthwise, above and below, and even overlapping each other in several places. The more essays one reads, the more an underground layer is revealed, a kind of diagram, an overall form, one complete picture, which is the author’s worldview and the conceptual basis of the book. 

The book consists of essays arranged in three gates, and each gate constitutes a central access. The first two gates โ€“ the mind and the soul โ€“ are an attempt to look at our lives from a spiritual perspective, in order to discover in them the sparks of holiness that have dispersed and been swallowed up by shells. The third gate, on the other hand, looks at life as it is, from naked existence as it is to itself.

The three covers of the book are::

1. The Gate of Knowledge: It is a position that looks into our lives through reason, intellect and thought; It is a theoretical-theoretical gateway, which illuminates aspects of our lives through psychological, philosophical and other approaches. The affinity of this section is research and essayist.

2. The Gate of the Soul: This is a vantage point that looks at our lives through the soul, heart and inner life. The connection of this part is poetic.

3. The Gate of Existence: This gate comes from the bottom line of our lives, not from the towers and hopes.

The affinity of this part is existential.

Introduction: The Mysterious Life

There are four types of human beings:

The one who doesn’t know that he doesn’t know is a fool, stay away from him.

The one who doesn’t know that he knows โ€“ he’s asleep, wake him up.

The one who knows he knows โ€“ he is a simple man, learn from him.

The one who knows and knows that he knows โ€“ he is wise, follow him.”

Sir Richard Burton, according to an Arabic proverb

Axiom: To take something for granted is not to take it at all.

Hearing does not internalize the content of the speaker’s words, but mainly perceives the sound of his voice. Seeing does not internalize the inner dimension of things, but mainly photographs the surface of things. Only throughlistening and observationcan one internalize the content and inner dimension of impressions of the world. Similarly, in order to live, organic existence is not enough, it is necessary to intensify the experience of inner absorption. Usually, we just seeโ€”we don’t observe. We hear โ€“ we don’t listen. We live and we do not live. Sometimes we look for that experience that makes us feel that life is indeed happening, also happening in the mental realm and only in physical, dormant, routine, self-evident existence.

When I was about 7 years old, I went with my father to the port of Haifa to receive my mother’s return from overseas. The night before, I ate for the first time at a restaurant and then went into a hotel with my father for the first time. From the window of my room I saw the sea (for the first time), something proud of my throat, I turned to my father and asked: “Dad,nowwe are having fun?

In all of us resides the same child, and even at the age of 40 he may look out from the eyes of an adult and look for the magic that occurs within the passing moment; As we remember: the first kiss, the first time we actually saw the sea, the first movie, etc. Will the magic happen the next time you go out to the restaurant? In the next hug? In the next book? On your next trip abroad? At the entrance to a new apartment? In an extramarital affair? Next controller? 

At some point in our lives, the memory of the possibility of a life that is not taken for granted becomes blurred, and the conviction that this possibility does exist weakens. The faded and blurred hue of the here and now โ€“ fixates and overshadows initial magical experiences.

Experiences of startling power and a clear, revealing awareness are now perceived as threatening or frightening, and habit alleviates and eliminates this possibility of a shocking experience; Just hear, just look, just exist. In doing so, we finally abandon the 7-year-old boy in Haifa Port, who is buried in all of us.

In this book my argument is that life has not moved away from us โ€“ we have moved away from it and we must look for it behind labels and under the layers of routine dust, becausereal life is hidden from view, looking at us secretly, secretly, mysteriously.

*

The most beautiful experience we can have is the mysterious. This is the fundamental emotion that stands in the cradle of true art and science. Someone who does not know him and can no longer be amazed and amazed is like a dead person whose eyes are off. The knowledge of the existence of something we cannot delve into, the sense of discovering the deepest wisdom and the most radiant beauty, accessible to our consciousness only in their most primitive formsโ€”this knowledge and this feeling are at the center of true religiosity.”

Introduction to the Gate of Knowledge

All human progress, achieved with the help of intellect and analytical thought, is embodied in the attainment of material facts by means of ridiculous tools in their imperfection, which compensate us to one degree or another for the limitations of our body parts.

Once every twenty years, a grim scientist (who usually dies during his experiments) discovers that the atmosphere contains a hitherto unknown gas, or that an inexplicable force can be from the friction of a piece of cork in the fabric, or that among the trillions of unknown stars there is one that has not been discovered until now, even though it is near another star that

Well, what about it

Do our diseases originate from bacteria? Wow. But where do these bacteria come from?

And what about the diseases they carry and the suns โ€“ where they come from?

We know nothing, we understand nothing, we can do nothing, we guess nothing. We are paralyzed, trapped within ourselves.”

Guy de Mofsen, notes from a skill. 7.4.1888

Translation: G.R..

In reading these lines of Mofsan, I am reminded of what Gurdjieff said about humans and indeed the great achievements that man has achieved so far in his workโ€”skyscrapers, airplanes, satellites, autonomous vehicles, G.P.S., television, brain surgery, organ transplants, bionic limbs, and so onโ€”have been achieved by people who sleep straight; And if these are the achievements achieved by old people, what achievements could be achieved, and what kind of world would we live in if all the investment This mighty would have been done by awake humans? 

The mysterious life of reality

Part I

The advertising industry presents characters, images, sights and happenings โ€“ in a way that gives them a kind of charm, a kind of romantic, even idyllic touch. Through the advertising filter, the airport has become a bustling place, from which people enter and exit their wondrous fate. In advertisements, even a supermarket looks like a colorful paradise, with happy people huddled in its busy counters, just reaching out and taking in all that goodness. In such a world, surrounded by artificial glamour, nothing is itself, but an image of itself in the eyes of our imagination. (Each product is a plane ticket towards happiness).

But not just in advertisements, it all began in our minds, in the private advertisements we concoct from the raw materials of everyday life; A concoction of another, mysterious, magical reality that sends a teasing finger to the twilight outskirts of our daydreaming, longing, hoping and longing mind. There we weave chapters of life in our emotional imagination: breakfast in bed, a cute-looking woman, a tender young man, a well-kept garden, city lights in the rain, Bach music at dusk, a picture of New York skyscrapers, a shelf full of books (in a bookstore), fresh orange juice against the background of the dawn rising in the village, and so on. All this appears for a moment in our imagination and gives hope for the continuation someday, somehow. There is usually a huge gap between our present life and what these images plant in our minds. A gap within which the longing and longing reside.

What is this excess image? What is this false magic? And what creates them?

Part 2

Life is not like that, life is what it is. Skyscrapers are tall buildings in a massive, rushing city. The other person is first and foremost another person. Breakfast in bed is the same meal โ€“ only balanced…

Things around us have their own essence, which has nothing to do with the hallucinatory way we see them. What appears to us is not what really exists, in itself, but is the fruit of reality through unfulfilled desires and desires, which sail like ghosts on the outskirts of our consciousness. In order to perceive the inner, real reality of things, it is necessary to silence the subjective and dominant voices that come from within usand listen to the inner beingof things. Only in this way can we perceive their true, independent magic; them as they are in themselves. The truth resides within the being of what exists Vino, regardless of us or our perceptions. We can dance around the golden calf of our subjective intimacy, or we can allow our inner consciousness to magnetize around the inner being of actual reality. In the end, how we were desperate to think that our unfulfilled lives. In the end, how have we been desperate to think that our unrealized lives can be the central axis around which the whole world revolves? Only the pure and pure levels of reality itself can and must be such an axis of power, an axis that our consciousness can revolve around and suck out its mystery. 

Everything around us is a mystery that has no limit and no lesson. We must try to get to the bottom of this mystery without ever hoping to succeed.”

Carlos Castende, the gift of the eagle. Hotch zbm, p. 228 


This street, like any other, leads into eternity. All you have to do is walk it in complete silence.”

Carlos Castende, The Fire Within. Hotch zbm, p. 244 

Dreaming Life

Axiom: We don’t live lifeโ€”we dream our version of it.

People get lost in life: they dream of the past, of the future, but are rarely in the here and now. Daydreams are a fantasy about a better reality.

The glass of orange juice (from the previous mass), in the eyes of the daydreamer, is a symbol of freshness, health, a right life, but it is a fantasy.

When a person thinks of a glass of orange juice (or anything else), he thinks of the fantasy representation of the same thing. When a girl thinks of a man, she doesn’t think of someone who might be suffering from gas, or a treacherous dress chaser, she is of course thinking of fantasy. In fact, the human being is a walking accumulation of fantasies, for which reality only serves as a trigger. A person who dreams reality โ€“ there is no reality he only has, Or mainly, a complex of dreams that come and go according to its associative baggage. A woman who goes out to meet a ‘new’ man does not meet him at all, she meets with the fantasy baggage he releases in her, and the man also meets with a woman who floods him with fantasy baggage, and then they both get married… Only to later encounter the true reality of the other โ€“ for they both thought they were marrying reality…

Waking up means (in this context) seeing your fellow man as he is and following his potential, his inner essence; To know that he has fears, anxieties, aspirations and weaknesses and to be fascinated by being himself.

Being fascinated by reality or being fascinated by fantasy are two very different things. Daydreams are subjective and have nothing to do with reality. They are connected to those points where we got lost in the fantasies of compensation that we invented in order to provide an alternative, imaginary reality, better than the real reality. That is, living in hallucinations about a reality that we have never met as it is and probably will never meet.

Waking up from the dream of life means breaking free from the subjective chains of our emotions and constantly being in touch with what is happening here and now, with being (on various levels) of reality as it is, without filters, without colored lenses, without magnifying or reducing lenses. When we were children, we still had this ability to experience something with the fullness of our senses, colors, textures, smells, sounds, and sensationsโ€”all of which took us on a journey into the being of the very thing we were dealing with at the time.

If it is a cup of tea, you experience the aroma, the color, the reflection of light, the presence; You get lost in the cup of tea, the cup of tea is your current reality, it is the whole world. 

As for the person who dreams life, nothing is satisfying in itself and in itself, so we move from interesting to interesting, from experience to experience, from subject to subject and item to item โ€“ in search of the greatest and most exciting fantasy of all. And while drifting toward sweet fantasy, they pass through life without really living it.

The main reason we choose a certain way of looking at the world and our lives is to find a way that will cause us as little emotional dissonance, pain, and frustration as possible. We believe that this is how we see life because that is how it really is, in itself, but the truth is that we choose a certain point of view, because it will cause it as little frustration and suffering as possible.

*

Whoever dreams that he drinks wine will raise his voice in the morning and cry.

               Whoever dreams that he is crying, goes out to hunt in the cattle.

When the big awakening comes, we’ll know it was a big dream.

Nevertheless, the fools think they are awake, they are sure they know their shrewd cleverness. But you are nothing but a dream.

When tens of thousands of generations have passed, we will meet once with an understanding sage.

The sounds of the earth. Chong Tse.Chinese philosopher 286-369B.C.

What matters

The things that really matter are always, or at least, that’s how they should have been. The really important things can’t be important sometimes, only when it suits us, is convenient for us, works out for us. 

ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืื ื• ื ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื. ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื›ืจืกื ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ืขื ืงื ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ืžื” ืงืจื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื›ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื ื• ืคืขื? ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื” ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืฉื ื•ื’ืกื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ? ืœืจื•ื‘, ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืกื˜ืช ื”ืฆื™ื“ื”, ืžื•ื“ื—ืงืช ืœืคื™ื ื” ื—ืฉื•ื›ื”, ืฉืœื ืชืคืจื™ืข. ื”ื“ื—ืงื•ืช ืืœื• ืžืœื•ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: โ€œืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื”ืกืชื“ืจ ืœื™โ€, โ€œืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื˜ื™ืคืช ื–ืžืŸโ€, โ€œื–ื” ืจืง ื‘ืžืงืจื”โ€, โ€œื–ื• ืจืง ื‘ืขื™ื” ื˜ื›ื ื™ืชโ€, โ€œื–ื” ืœื ื™ืงืจื” ืฉื•ื‘โ€, โ€œื ื•ืจื ื”ืฉืชื“ืœืชื™ ืื‘ืœโ€ฆโ€, โ€œื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื”โ€ ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ืืœื”. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืืฉืžื” ืขืœ ืื—ืจื™ื: โ€œืืชื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื™โ€, โ€œืชืจืื”, ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืœื‘ืŸโ€, ืืชื” ืžืฆืคื” ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™โ€,โ€ืืชื” ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื–ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸโ€œ. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื” ืžืฉืจืชื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ืชืžืจื•ื ื™ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืื ื• ื ื•ืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืื ื• ืขืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื” ืœืคื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืืžื ื• ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื. ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ืื˜ื”, ื”ืชืขืžืœื•ืช, ืฉื™ื—ืช ื”ื‘ื”ืจื”, ืกืคืจ ืฉื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืœืขืฆืžืš ืœืงืจื•ื, ื”ืฉืขื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื™ืช ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข, ื”ืžื˜ืœื” ืฉื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื, ืžื” ืฉื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืฉืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ืชืขืฉื”. ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ: ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืœืขืฆืžืš ืฉืชื’ืœื” ื›ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืš ื–ืžืŸ. ืืš ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœื“ื‘ืจ, ืžื” ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืŸ ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื’ืจื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื: ืื™ืš ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจ, ืื™ืš ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืงื•ืฉื™ ื–ืžื ื™, ืื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื—ืœืฅ ืžื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช, ืื™ืš ืœืœืงื˜ ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืคื™ืจื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืฉืจ ื•ื ื—ืช โ€“ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืœืคื™ื ื›ืชื• ื”ืคืขื•ื˜ื”. ื•ื‘ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืžืชื—ืช ืœืืฉืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืคืช ื•ื”ืžืจื“ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื’ืจื” ื”ืคืขื•ื˜ื” ื•ืžื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื”, ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืŸ ื‘ืชืช-ื”ื›ืจื” ืคื™ืกื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ื–ื ื—ื•ืช, ื•ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื”ื™ื›ืจ ืœื”ื•: ื”ื“ืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœื ื”ื•ืฉืจื•, ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื•ืฆืื• ืืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ, ื”ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•, ื”ื”ื’ื™ื’ื™ื ืฉืœื ื ื”ื’ื•, ื”ืื”ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ืงืจืžื• ืขื•ืจ ื•ื’ื™ื“ื™ื, ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื ืื™ืคืฉืจื ื• ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ. ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื•ื“ื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืคื•ืขืœ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื ื–ื ื—ื• ื•ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืฉื”ื™ื”โ€ โ€œืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื‘ืฉืœ ืœื–ื”โ€, โ€œืœื ืžืชืื™ื ืœื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•โ€, โ€œืขื•ื“ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืชืื™ืโ€, โ€œืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™โ€, โ€œืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ืœื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื”โ€. ื•ืžื“ื—ื™ื™ื” ืœื“ื—ื™ื™ื” โ€“ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืจืฅ, ืืชื” ื‘ืŸ 60 ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื ืืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื” ื‘ื›ืš. ื•ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช? ื”ื™ื ื—ืžืงื” ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื•โ€ฆ

But what used to matter is always important. Just as the great worksof art, music or philosophy do not lose their importance with the passage of time, so too do the important values in our lives. The real importance never recedes from our lives, it is we who have strayed from it and onward, to the noisy current events of the celebratory moment.It is therefore important to return to the importance as to the childhood home, to youthful love โ€“ to wake up to it again, to remind ourselves again and again what is the main thing here, and to prepare mentally to do it again and more… Time does not favor the primal importance, the real importance โ€“ it is abandoned, after a time, in favor of the fashionable, the contemporary, the fleeting; It is precisely she who is supposed to give justification and meaning to all the pseudo-thinks that exist in general in relation to her and to her alone.

*

“…And during the whole period of our active lives we have no opportunity to go beyond the stage of annoyance and worry, for we have always been showered with the numbing bustle of daily affairs as a kind of sleep.”

Carlos Castaneda, The Power of Silence, UFO Publishing                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

*

We do things we don’t intend to do;

We say things we don’t mean to say;

And we’re not doing things we should be doing.”

Count Bozov, from War and Peace, Leo Tolstoy.

The antithesis as a friend

The idea of vaccination is an amazing idea, which is unacceptable. According to him, the way to deal with an enemy that threatens to attack from outside is to introduce a fifth column into the threatened kingdom. The vaccine is nothing but a weakened form of the virus or virus, which is inserted into the body to stimulate the immune system to action. Behind this phenomenon there is an explanation on two levels; The first level comes from the holisticand bioenergetic realm. The second level is the level above it, the spiritual level, (which this essay deals with). 

The holistic view holds that the immune system must receive a kind of ‘shock’ from time to time, and launched it into activity, asRudolf Steiner discovered at the time with the drugIscador (mistletoe,in Hebrew) for cancer patients. This drug ‘stimulates’ the immune system and stimulates it to cope with the disease. The ‘soldiers’ of the immune system (which are the T cells or lymphocite-T cells of the immune system) are exposed to an imaginary attack and after winning it, they have the enemy’s ‘code’ and are ready for the real attack.

In the world there is a basic polarity, everything has its opposite:

For the day the night.

Winter the summer.

Sleep wakefulness. For the health of the disease.

Sperm the egg.

Heat the cold.

Debt the negative.

Man the woman.

ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช.

ืœืื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš.

ืœื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื”.

ืœืžื ื•ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช.

ืœื™ื ื’ ืืช ื”ื™ืื ื’.

ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืคืจื™ื” ืžืชืื—ื“ ื‘ื–ืจืขื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ื™ืคื•ื›ื•, ืขื ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืช ื•ื›ืš ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืคืฆืฆืช ื”ืื˜ื•ื ื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืคื•ืš ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืคืจื™ื”; ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืคื™ืฆืœื• ืืช ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื˜ื•ื ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืคืจื™ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื, ืฉืขื“ ืื– ืฉื›ื ื• ื‘ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ืžืœื: ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื ื™ื˜ืจื•ืŸ. ื•ืื– ืชืงืฃ ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ โ€“ ื•ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืกื™ื ืจื’ื™ื”, ืื• ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื, ื”ื™ื ื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืงื•ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื•ื—ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื“ื™ื›ื•ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ื•ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื“ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื‘ื™, ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื•ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ.

ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืœื›ืš: ืขื ื”ื”ืชืคืฆืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ื™ื•ืช, ืœืจื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืขื•ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืื ื˜ื’ื•ื ื™ื–ื ืžื•ืคื’ืŸ.

ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช

ื‘ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ื“ื™ื›ื•ื˜ื•ืžื™ โ€“ ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ืคืจื“, ื”ืื—ื“ ื‘ื ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจ, ื”ืื—ื“ ื’ื“ืœ ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจ, ื”ืื—ื“ ืชื•ืงืฃ ืืช ื”ืื—ืจ ื•ืžืžื•ื˜ื˜ ืื•ืชื•. ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื›ืฉืฆื“ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ ืžื“ื™ ื•ืื–, ื‘ืฉื™ื ื›ื•ื—ื•, ื ื•ืคืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื™ื“ื™ โ€˜ื”ืื•ื™ื‘โ€™: ืืคื™ืกืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช. ื•ืžืžื ื”, ื›ืื—ื•ื– ืืžื•ืง, ื”ื•ื ืžื–ื ืง ืœืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื ื’ื“ื™: ืฉืืคืชื ื•ืช, ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื—ืœื™ืœื”. ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื–ื” ื ืžืฉืš, ื›ืš ื’ื“ืœื” ื”ื“ื™ื›ื•ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื’ื“ืœื” ื”ื“ื™ื›ื•ื˜ื•ืžื™ื”, ื›ืŸ ื’ื“ืœื” ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืฆื“ ื•ื’ื“ืœื” ืชื‘ื™ืขืชื• ืœื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื•ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืช. 

ื‘ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ืกื™ื ืจื’ื˜ื™ ื•ืงื•ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ โ€“ ืฉื•ื›ื ื™ื ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื—ื“, ื”ืื—ื“ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื›ื™ ื”ืื—ืจ. ื›ืžื• ื”ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื™ื™ื ื’ ื•ื™ืื ื’, ื›ืฉื”ืžืจื›ื– ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ื“ ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื›ื™ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืžื ื•ื’ื“ 

ืจืคื•ืื” ืกื™ื ื™ืช, ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืื ื’

ื‘ืœื‘ ื›ืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืืžื•ืจื” ืœืฉื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื•ื‘ืœื‘ ื›ืœ ืžื ื•ื—ื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœืฉื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช. ืื– ื”ืื“ื ืคื•ืขืœ ืžืชื•ืš ื ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืฉืœื•ื•ื”, ื›ืฉืžื ื•ื—ื” ื”ื™ื ื ืฉืžืชื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช. ืื ื™ืชื‘ืฆืจ ืื“ื ื‘ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช (ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื) โ€“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื“ื ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช: ืจื’ื•ื–, ืžืชื•ื—, ืชื•ืงืคื ื™ ื•ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™, ื•ืื ื™ืชื‘ืฆืจ ื‘ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืžื ื•ื—ื” โ€“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ื˜ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื™ื•ืช: ืžืœื ื›ื•ืœื™, ื“ื›ืื•ื ื™, ื—ืกืจ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื•ื–ืžื”, ื ื›ื ืข ื‘ื ืงืœ, ื ืžืœื˜ ืžืงื•ืฉื™ ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช.

ื”ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืื™ื ื” ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช, ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืื™ื ื” ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื ื•ื—ื”, ืืœื ื”ืŸ ืฉื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื–ื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื›ื™ ื–ื•, ื›ื–ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืช, ื›ืฉืงื˜ ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืกืขืจื”, ื›ื ื•ื™ื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื›ื ืคืฉ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ.

ืฉื™ื ื” ื•ืขื™ืจื•ืช

ื›ืฉืื ื• ื™ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ืœื‘ ืฉื ืชื™ื ื• ืฆืคื” ื”ืขืจื•ืช: ื”ื—ืœื™ืžื”, ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืžืกืชืจื™ ื”ืชืช-ืžื•ื“ืข. ื›ืฉืื ื• ืขืจื™ื, ื‘ืœื‘ ืขืจื ื•ืชื ื• ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื ื”: ื”ืฉืœื•ื•ื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช, ื”ืขื•ืžืง ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื’ื ื”ืฉืงื˜ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื, ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืงื™ืฅ ื‘ืฉืงื˜ ื•ืœื ื‘ืคืชืื•ืžื™ื•ืช; ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืžืงืฆืช ืžื”ืœื™ืœื” ื™ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืกืชื ืŸ ืืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืš ื•ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื‘ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ื”ืžืืžืฅ ื•ื”ืœื—ืฅ. ื•ืื ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• โ€˜ืœื—ืกืŸโ€™ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืชื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื”, (ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืœื ื”ืงืฆื ื• ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช ื•ื‘ืคืจืื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ืš โ€˜ื”ื‘ื”ืœื ื•โ€™ ืืช ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืฉืงื˜ ืฉื›ืš ื™ื™ืฆื ืืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืชื—ื•ื) โ€“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืžื ื• ืžื‘ื•ืจืš, ืจืš, ืจื—ื•ื, ืฉืงื˜ ื›ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืขืžื•ืงื”, ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื•ื‘ ืคื ื™ืžื”, ืืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™.

ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื’ื‘ืจื™ื

ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืฉื™ื ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื“ื™ื›ื•ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื ื•ื—ื” ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช, ื“ื™ื›ื•ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ื”ืžืชื’ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื: ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืชื•ืงืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ืžื—ืื” (ืคืžื™ื ื™ื–ื), ืžื•ืจืช ืจื•ื— ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืชืงื‘ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื•ืชืžื™ื›ื”.

ืืš ื‘ืชื•ื›ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ืืžื•ืจื” ืœืฉื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื›ื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœืฉื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช. ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื• ืืžืจ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ ืงืจืœ ื™ื•ื ื’: ื›ืฉื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื: ืื ื™ืžื•ืก ื•ืื ื™ืžื”. ื”ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช โ€“ ืื ื™ืžื•ืก, ื™ืฉ ื ืฉื™ื•ืช โ€“ ืื ื™ืžื” ื•ืœื”ื™ืคืš. ืืš ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืžื’ื“ืจ ืžืชื‘ืฆืจ ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื‘ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœ. ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื‘ื ื” ื•ื”ืคื™ืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื’ื“ืœื™ื (ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—; ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”Meto ืœืžืฉืœ). ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืžื”ื•ืช, ื™ื“ื ืขืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”.

ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื•ื—ืœืฉื™ื

ื”ื›ืœ ืžืชืื•ื•ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื™ื, ื”ื›ืœ ื ืกื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ื•ืžืคื ื™ ืกื™ืžื ื™ื” ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื, ื›ืžืคื ื™ ืžื’ื™ืคื”; ื”ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ื ืชืคืกืช ื›ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืœื”ืชืขืžืจื•ืช, ื›ืžืคืกื™ื“ื ื™ื•ืช. ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืง ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœื”ืชื›ื—ืฉ ืœื—ื•ืœืฉื” (ื•ืœื—ืœืฉื™ื) ื•ืœื’ืจืฉื” ืืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืชื—ื•ื ื•ืœื”ืชื‘ืฆืจ ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”.

ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื, ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืง ื‘ืืžืช ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžื”ืชื™ื™ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื”ืชื•ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ื•ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช. ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ืืžืช, ื—ื–ืง ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื โ€“ ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื–ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืœืฉื”, ื”ืžืจืฉื” ืœืขืฆืžื• ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื—ืจื“ื” ื•ืื– ืžืฉืคื’ืฉ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื—ื•ืœืฉืชื• โ€“ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช.

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืชื™ื–ื”.

ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื™ ื•ื”ื ื–ื™ืจื•ืช

ื”ืžืชื ื–ืจื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืงื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื™ ื›ืžื• ืžื”ืืฉ, ืžืกืชื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืชื—ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื ื–ืจ, ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืื• ืžืกื’ื“. ืืš ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืชืขื‘ื• ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื™ื’ื‘ื”ื•, ื›ืŸ ื™ืฆืžื— ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื™ ื•ื™ืชืขืฆื; ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืชื‘ื•ื“ื“ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืŸ ื™ื’ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืืคืœ ืฉืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื•ืžื•ืช. ืจืง ื”ืชื™ื™ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื™ ืฉื‘ืจื’ืฉ ื•ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ืจืง ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืžื• ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื, ืžื“ื™ ืฉืขื” โ€“ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืคื™ืชื•ื™ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™, ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื“ื. ื›ื™ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื—ื ื”, ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืชื™ื–ื” ืจื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืคื•ื’ืฉืช ืืช ื”ืชื™ื–ื” ื“ืจืš ื—ื•ืœืฉื•ืชื™ื”. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืจื—ื•ืงื” ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืชื™ื–ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืชื™ื–ื”, ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ื‘ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืžืชืงืคื” ื•ื”ื—ื“ื™ืจื” ืืœ ืœื‘ ื”ืชื™ื–ื”.

ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ื— ื”ื“ื“ื™, ื–ื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื›ื™ ื–ื” (ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ื ื’ ื•ื”ื™ืื ื’, ืื• ื”ืื ื™ืžื•ืก ื•ื”ืื ื™ืžื”); ืขืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืœืืจื— ืืช ื”ืžื ื•ื—ื”, ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœืืจื— ืืช ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืืจื— ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื•ืช, ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื ื•ืช ืœืืจื— ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœืฉื”, ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืœืืจื— ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืืจื— ืืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช, ืขืœ ื”ืชื™ื–ื” ืœืืจื— ืืช ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืชื–ื” ื•ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉื ื• ืœืืจื— ืืช ืฉืื™ื ื ื•โ€ฆ

ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ืฉืขืจื™ื ื• ื•ืœืงืจื ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืื•ื™ื‘, ืœืžื ื•ื’ื“, ืœื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™, ืœืœื-ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืœื–ืจ ื•ืœืื—ืจ โ€“ ืœื‘ื ืืœ ื‘ืชื™ื ื• ืคื ื™ืžื”; ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ื™ื—ื“ื•ืจ ืืœ ื”ืชื™ื–ื”; ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื ืขื ื›ื•ื—ื•, ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ื™ื”ื™ื”.

*

โ€œืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ืœ ืžืฉืืœื•ืชื™ืš,

ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ืชื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืขืจืš ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื‘ืจืข โ€“ ืืช ืขืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘, ื‘ืจืขื‘ โ€“ ืืช ืขืจืš ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืข, ื•ื‘ืžืืžืฅ โ€“ ืืช ืขืจืš ื”ืžื ื•ื—ื”โ€

ื”ืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืก ื”ืืคืœ, ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ 480-540 ืœืคื ื”โ€ืก. 

ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”.

 ื”ืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืก

ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืกืชื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.

  ื•ืกื™ืœื™ ืงื ื“ื™ื ืกืงื™

ื”ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืื ื’ ื›ืžื• ื”ืฆืœ ื•ื”ืื•ืจ, ืื—ื“ ืžืœืคื ื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืžืื—ื•ืจ. ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื ืฉืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื

 ืœืื• ื“ื–ื”

ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืจื•ื—

ื›ื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืคื™ื ื•, ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื‘ืฉื ืช 2020 ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: โ€œืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื˜ื‘ืขื™โ€, ืื• โ€œืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™โ€, โ€œื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ื”ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืืš ื•ืจืง ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ืโ€ ื•ื›ื“ื•โ€™. ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื ืชืคืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื ื• ื›ืขืจืš ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™. ื”ืืžื ื ื›ืš ื”ื•ื? ืœืžื” ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืืžื™ืจื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื™ื‘ืขื™ื•ืชื ืื• ืื™-ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื? ื”ืื ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื•: ื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื•ืคืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืืชื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืืชื” ืžื›ื™ืจ? ืื ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืŸ, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื” ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœืกื˜ื’ื ืฆื™ื”, ืกื ื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืŸ. ืืš ืื ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ื•ื: ืขืฉื” ืžืืžืฅ ืžื•ื“ืข ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื“ืจืš ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช โ€“ ื›ื™ ืื– ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืคื•ื›ื”.

ืื›ืŸ, ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืื•ืชื ื• (ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื) ืื• ื›ืœืคื™ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืื• ื›ืœืคื™ ื ื™ื•ื•ืŸ. ืื ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ โ€˜ื˜ื‘ืขื™โ€™ ืœืคื™ ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœืœื ืžืขืžืก ื•ืžืืžืฅ, ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœื”ื, ื ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื•ืŸ. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ืฆื‘ืช ืืชื’ืจ ืคื™ืกื™ ืœืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ืืชื ืœืžืืžืฅ-ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื ื“ืจืฉ ืžื”ื ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื (ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืชืคืฉ โ€˜ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช-ืžื‘ื˜ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ืโ€™ ื›ื‘ืœืชื™ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ), ื™ืขืœื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื”. ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืชืคื™ืฉืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื”. ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืชืคื™ืฉืชื• ื‘ืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžื›ื•ืœืŸ.

ื”ืจืžื” ื”ืคื™ืกื™ืช, ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™, ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื•ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืข, ื–ื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืกื•ืคื™ , ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื“, ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ื™ื“ื™ื. โ€˜ื˜ื‘ืขื™โ€™ ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื–ื” ืžืฉืžืขื• ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืœื–ื” ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ, ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืงื™ื™ื. ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ืจืžื” ื–ื• ืžืฉืžืขื• ืœื ืœืคื’ื•ืข, ืœื ืœืขื•ื•ืช, ืœื ืœื—ื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืฉืœื“ ื•ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช, ื›ื™ ื›ืš ื™ืคื’ืขื• ื”ืชื ื•ื—ื” ื•ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื”.

ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืคื™ืกื™ืช ืฉื ื™ื”, โ€˜ื˜ื‘ืขื™โ€™ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืžืขืžืกืช ื”ืงื•ืฉื™, ืขื ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช. ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืจืงืžื•ืช, ืœืฉืจื™ืจื™ื, ืœื“ื ื•ืœืฉื•ืžืŸ; ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขื•ื˜ืฃ ืืช ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช, ืขื“ ื”ืขื•ืจ. ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ืจืžื” ื–ื• ืžืฉืžืขื• ืืชื’ืจ ื•ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืขื ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืŸ ืžืชืขืฆืžื™ื ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื, ืคื•ื—ืช ื”ืฉื•ืžืŸ, ืžืชื’ื‘ืจืช ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื.

ื”ืจืžื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืจืžืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื•ื”ืจื•ื—, ืจืžืช ื”ื ืกืชืจ. ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืžื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืžื” ืฉืœื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืขื ืžื” ืฉื—ืกืจ. ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื˜ืจื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ื, ื‘ื•ื—ื ืช ืขืจื›ื™ื , ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ. ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืจื•ื— ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ, ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ: ืžื” ื—ืกืจ? ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืงืจื”? ืื™ืš ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืœื ืคืขืœื ื• ืขื“ ื›ื”? ืื™ืš ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืœื ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ? 

ืื ื›ืš, ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช, ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ โ€“ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข, ืœื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ื‘ืข ื•ืžื•ืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื•ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœื• (ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืคื™ืกื™). ืืš ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ื“ืจื’ื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื’ืœื•ื. ื›ืœ ืฉืœื ื”ืชืงื‘ืข ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆืžื•ื— ืื• ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจ โ€“ ืื ืœื ื ืืชื’ืจ ืื•ืชื•. ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ ื’ื•ืคื ื• ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืฆื•ืืจ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื” ืฉืžืขืœื™ื•. ื”ืจืืฉ ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื‘ื’ื•ืคื ื•, ื”ืจื—ื•ืง ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืžื™ืฆื•ื™ ืžื™ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื•. ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœื•ืฅ, ื”ื—ื™ ื‘ืชืคืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื ืจืื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื—; ื—ืœื•ืฅ, ื”ืžื’ืฉืฉ ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื›ื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช.

ืขืœ-ื›ืŸ, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ืจืžื” ื–ื• ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืกื•ืคืง, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื‘ื•ืš, ืื‘ื•ื“, ื›ื’ืฉืฉ ืฉื—ื•ืฉื™ื• ื›ืจื•ื™ื™ื ืืœ ื˜ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื” ืฉื’ืœื•ื™. ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœื”ืŸ ืœืจื•ื— ื•ืœืžื•ื— โ€“ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ื™ื“ื•ืข, ืœื‘ืœืชื™-ื ื—ืงืจ, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืงืกืžื™ื ืžืžื ื•, ื•ืขืœ-ื›ืŸ ืœืฆืžื•ื— ื›ืœืคื™ื•, ื›ืฆืžื— ื”ืฆื•ืžื— ืœื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข, ืฉืžืžื ื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ื, ืืœื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื™ื“ื•ืข (ืฉื ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื”ื™ื”).

ืขืœ-ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืจื•ื—, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžืฉืžืขื• ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœืจืคื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ืขื ื”ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืจื’ืœ, ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•, ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื’ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืžืจืืฉ, ืฉืžื˜ืจืชืŸ ืœืกืชื•ื ื›ืœ ืฉืืœื” ืคืชื•ื—ื”, ืœื”ืคื™ื’ ื›ืœ ืชื”ื™ื™ื” ื•ืœื”ืชืขืงืฉ ืขืœ ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ, ื‘ื‘ืœืชื™ ื™ื“ื•ืข ื•ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื˜ืจื ืกื•ืžืŸ; ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื“ืข ืœืขืœื•ื ื•ืœืกืžื•ื™ โ€“ ืœืžื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื“ื•ืข ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ.

ื•ื–ื” ื”ืกื™ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืจื•ื—: ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ื•ืžืขื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ื•ื”ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืžื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข.

ื”ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื (โ€œLet it beโ€)

ื‘ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ืžื˜ืœื” ืžืŸ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ื•ื”ืื“ื ืžื•ื ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืฉื•ืงื” ื•ืฉืื™ืคื”. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื”ืžื ืกื” ืœืœื›, ืื• ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื ื”ื™ื’ื”; ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื‘ืœืฉื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืืช ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ืื– ืžืชืจื—ืฉ โ€˜ื”ืคืœืโ€™: ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื“ืจืฉื• ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืžืื•ืžืฆืช- ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ืœืคืชืข ืžืขืฆืžื, ื‘ืืคืŸ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™; ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ืžืคื ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื” ืœืงืœื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืœืฉื˜ืฃ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื›ืžื• ืžืขืฆืžื”.

ื’ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื•ืš ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™, ืฉืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื–ืจื™ืžื” ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช. ืœื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืœื›ืช, ืื• ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื ื”ื•ื’ โ€“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•โ€ฆ ื–ื” ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ืœื‘ื“. ืœืงื•ื ื‘ื‘ืงืจ ื•โ€ฆ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื ืžื”ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜. ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืคืขื™ืœ, ืืœื ื”ืžื•ืคืขืœ.

ื”ืžืกืชื’ืœ ืœื—ื™ื™ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืื“ื ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื–ืื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื•, ืืœื ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ื•ื”ืขื˜ ื”ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืจืฉื•ื ืืช ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื•. ื”ืžืกืชื’ืœ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื ื–ื”ืจ ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ื” ื”ื“ื•ื—ืฃ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื•, ืฉื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ื ืกื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ื” ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœื—ื™ื™ื• ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ โ€“ ื™ื—ืกื•ื ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ( be) ื•ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืžืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ.

ื”ืื“ื ืฉื”ืกืชื’ืœ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื›ื™ ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื• ื•ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•, ื”ื™ื ื• ื—ืœืฉ ื•ื—ืกืจ ืื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื—ื•ื˜ ื—ืฉืžืœ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœืฉืงืข ืื™ื ื• ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™. ืขืœ-ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชื“ืœ ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืœืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื ืข, ืœืจื’ืข ื‘ื• ืžืฉื”ื• (ื•ืœื ื”ื•ื) ื™ืคืขื™ืœ ืื•ืชื•. ื”ืกื›ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืชื’ืœ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื–ื•, ื”ื™ื, ืฉื›ืœ ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืœื—ืฅ/ื“ื—ืง ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืžืจื›ื–-ื”ื›ื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืชืคืขื•ืœื™ ืžืŸ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื”, ื”ื–ื•ืจืžืช ืžืืœื™ื”, ืืœ ื”ืžืคืขื™ืœ (ื”ืžื ืกื” ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืžืืžืฅ). ื›ืืฉืจ ืื“ื ื ื›ื ืก ืœืžืฆื‘ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื—ืง ืื• ืœื—ืฅ โ€“ ืขื•ืฆืžืชื• ืžืชืžืชื ืช, ื ื—ืœืฉืช ื•ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื”ืžื ื•ืชืง ืžืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื–ืจื ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขื•ืœ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช.

ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”, ืœืื“ื โ€“ ื™ืฉ. ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ืขืงื”/ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื ื™ืขื” ืœื• ื•ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืžื™ื“ ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• โ€“ ืงื™ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“. ืชืžื™ื“ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ื”ื–ื•, ื•ืชืžื™ื“ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”, ื—ืจื“ื” ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืื™-ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช, ืฉืžื ื”ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื›ืœ ืื›ืŸ ื™ืชืจื—ืฉ ื•ื›ืš ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• (ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช). ืขืœ-ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ืœื”ืคืขืœื” ื•ื“ื—ื™ืคื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ื•ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ืžืขืœ ืœื—ืจื“ื” ืฉืžื ื›ืœื•ื ืœื ื™ื–ื•ื–. ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืœื ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื™ืชืจ ืœื—ืฅ ื“ื, ืžื—ืœื•ืช-ืœื‘, ื“ื™ืกืง ืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืื• ื—ื•ืœื™ื” ืžืขื•ื›ื” ื‘ื’ื‘ โ€“ ื›ื™ ื”ื ืžืชืขืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื— ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืœื”ืชืืžืฅ ื•ื”ืžืืžืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื•ื‘ืจ ืืช ื’ื‘ื ื•ืกื•ื“ืง ืืช ืœื™ื‘ื. ื”ืœื‘ ื•ื”ื’ื‘ ืื™ื ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืฉืืช ืืช ื”ืžืืžืฅ ื”ืืœื™ื ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืœื˜ืœื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ื”ืžื•ื ืขืช ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ ื•ื—ืจื“ืช-ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข โ€“ ืืœื ืœืฉืืช ื‘ืžืขืžืก ืงืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”, ืžืขืžืก ื”ืžื•ื ืข ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.

ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืจืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืงื™ื•ื ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืžืคื ื™ ืื•ื ืก, ืื•ื ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืจื’ืข ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™, ืื•ื ืก ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื•ืœืช ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืื•ื ืก ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื. ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืจื’ืข, ืœื–ื•ืœืช ื•ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื, ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื•ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืกืคื™ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืจืื•ื™ื™ื โ€“ ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ. ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื’ื™ืข ืœืจืžื” ื™ื•ื›ืœ ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ โ€“ ืชืชืจื—ืฉ ื’ื ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื”: ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ื‘ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื” ื•ื‘ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื•ื™ืชื ื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช. ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ื—ืฅ ืฉืœื•ื— ืžืžื™ืชืจื™ ื”ืงืฉืช โ€“ ืœื ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืจืืฉ, ืžืฉืืœืช ื”ืœื‘ ื•ื›ื•ื— ื”ื™ื“, ืืœื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืœื‘ ื•ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืืœื” ืฉื”ื—ืฅ ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื˜ืจื”, ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืืช ื”ื—ืฅ ื•ื”ื™ื“ ืจื™ืคืชื” ืืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืชืจ. ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื”ืจืคื•ืช ืžืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื ื• ื‘ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœ, ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืจืกื• ื”ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžืžืจื™ืื™ื. ื”ื—ืฅ ืฉื•ืœื— ื”ื™ืฉืจ ืืœ ื”ืžื˜ืจื”. ืœื ื”ืžืืžืฅ ื ืขืฅ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืœื‘ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื”, ืืœื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืœื•.

ื ืกื™ื›ืช ื”ืคื ื˜ืกื™ื” ื”ืžืชื•ืงื”

ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•, ืจื•ื‘ื ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื ื• ื›ืื ืฉื™ื ืืคื•ืจื™ื, ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื, ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืจื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžืฉื”ื•, ืืš ื›ื•ืœื ืฆื•ืคื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื ืกื•ื“ ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™; ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื•ืœื›ื•ืœื ื–ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื›ืื•ื‘ื” ืื• ืžื•ืคืœืื” (ืื• ืฉื ื™ื”ื), ืžืจื’ืฉืช ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืชืขืœื•ืช. ื‘ื›ืœ ืื“ื, ื’ื ื”ืฉื˜ื•ื— ืื• ื”ืชืคืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ โ€“ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืจื‘ืฅ ืจื’ืฉื™ ืชืช-ืงืจืงืขื™, ืคื’ื™ืข ื•ื›ืžื”. ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืžื” ืื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื™ืœื“ ื‘ื•ื›ื” ื”ื–ื•ืขืง ืœื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช. ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ื—ื•ืชื ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืื• ื”ื›ืื‘ ืฉื”ื•ืชื™ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืืš ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ื, ืคื” ืœื‘ื˜ื ื‘ื• ืื•ืชื” ืจื›ื•ืช ื ื•ืืฉืช ืฉืฉื™ื ื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ืขืœื™ืžื”. ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื”, ื ื•ืชืจืช ืื•ืชื” ืจื›ื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื›ื ืขืจื” ืชืžื™ืžื” ื‘ืขืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืงื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื” ืžืขื ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื–ืงื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืขืœื”. ื›ื™ ืื›ืŸ, ืžืฉืงืจื•ืช ืขื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื–ืงืŸ ืื• ื”ืžื–ื“ืงืŸ, ื•ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื—ืœืฃ ืื™ื ื” ืงื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจื’ืฉ ื•ื”ื ืคืฉ.

ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื•ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื”ื ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืงืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื•ืชื” ืจื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื™ื—ืœืช; ืืœ ืื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื ื›ื ืกื™ื : ืจื•ืคืื” ืื•ืจืชื•ืคื“ื™ืช ืขื™ื™ืคื”, ืกืคืจ ื ืฉื™ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—, ืจืืฉ ื•ืขื“-ื‘ื™ืช ื ืจื’ืŸ, ืžื–ื›ื™ืจืช ืžื ื›โ€™ืœ ื˜ืจื•ื“ื”, ื ื”ื’ ืžืฉืื™ืช ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ื, ื™ืจืงืŸ ืขื ื—ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืขืงืจืช-ื‘ื™ืช ืขื ื˜ื—ื•ืจื™ื. ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืื™ื ืžืžืกื›ืช ื™ื•ืžื ื”ืงืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื’ืืœ ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืžืงืฉื™ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื•ืฉืžืžื•ื ื, ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืœื›ืžื” ื“ืงื•ืช ืืช ืฆืคื•ืจ-ื ืคืฉื ื”ืžืชื•ืงื” ื•ืœืœื›ืช ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ื ืฆื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืขืจื’ื”. ืœื”ืชืžื•ืกืก ื•ืœืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืชื™ืงื•ืช โ€“ ืœืชืžื™ื“.

ื›ืฉื”ื ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืกืจื˜ ื”ื ืฆื•ืคื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืื•ื•ื™ื™ื”ื, ื”ืžืกืคืง ืœื”ื ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื“ื™ื” ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื•, ื‘ืžืฉืœืš ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืฉืขืชื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ืฉืžืช ื”ื”ืฉืชื•ืงืงื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื ืžืฉื›ืช ืฉืœ ื ืคืฉื ื”ื“ืื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื›ืžื”ื”. ืœื ื™ืืžืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื”ื ืขืจ/ื” ื‘ืœื‘ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื‘ืœื•ืข ืื’ื“ืช ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื”โ€ฆ ื•ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื โ€ฆื•ืœื—ืœื•ื.

ื›ื™ ื‘ืœื‘ ื›ื•ืœื ื•, ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชื•ื›ื ื•, ืœื ื•ื™ืชืจื ื• ืขืœ ื ืกื™ื›ืช ื”ืคื ื˜ืกื™ื” ื”ืžืชื•ืงื”. ื”ื™ื ืžืžืื ืช ืœื’ื•ื•ืข, ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ื™ื•ืช, ื ืžื” ืœื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ื”ืงืจ ื•ื”ืžืชื ื›ืจ, ืžืงื™ืฆื” ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ืœืžื’ืข ื”ื ืฉื™ืงื” ืฉืžื ืฉืงื” ื”ื ืกื™ืš ื”ื‘ื“ื•ื™ ืžืขื•ืœื ื”ืื’ื“ื•ืช.

ืจืžืื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช

ืื—ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื”ืกื•ื•ืื”. ืžื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืขื˜ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื•ื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื•ืœื ืœื ืคื’ืข. ืœืื—ืจ-ืžื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื“ืจื›ื™ ื™ื™ืคื•ื™ ืงื˜ื ื•ืช, ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืžื’ืขื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืชื›ืœืœื™ื. ืœื“ืจื›ื™ ื™ื™ืคื•ื™ ืืœื• ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ืคื™ื: โ€œืœื“ืขืช ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’โ€, โ€œืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžืšโ€, โ€œืœื ืœื“ืจื•ืš ืขืœ ื™ื‘ืœื•ืชโ€, โ€œืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ืงื˜โ€, โ€œืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืชื•ืจื‘ืชืชโ€. ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืงืจื ืœื–ื” ื‘ืฉื ื”ื‘ื•ื˜ื”: ืจืžืื•ืช. ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื™ื›ื•ืœืช โ€œืœื”ืกืชื“ืจโ€ (ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื›ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืจืฆื•ื™ื”). ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื ื“ื•ืก ื—ืœื™ืœื”, ืื• ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื”, ืื• ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืฉื•ืœืœ, ืืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ื™ืžื•ืกื™ื ื ืื™ื ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ-ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.

 ืื ื’ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื”ืขืœื• ืืช ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื”ืกื•ื•ืื” ืœื“ืจื’ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ืชื—ื›ื•ื ื•ืฉื›ืœื•ืœ. ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”

 (Upper-class), ืืš ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ื”ืคืชืขื”, ื’ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื, ื”ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื™ืฉื™ืจื™ื (โ€˜ื“ื•ื’ืจื™โ€™), ืขื ื”ื˜ืคื™ื—ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื›ื ื•ื ื”ืžืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ืฆื”ืœืช โ€˜ื”ืื”ืœืŸโ€˜. ื›ืŸ, ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืชืคืื•ืจื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื–ื• ืื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื›ืš ืฉื’ื ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื–ื• ื•ื’ื ื‘ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช โ€“ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” 21, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื—ื•ืžืช ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื”ืช ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœ ื”ื–ื•ืœืช โ€“ ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืžืจืฅ ื‘ื”ื“ื—ืงื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช, ื‘ื”ืฆื ืขืชื ืฉืœ: ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืžื™ืื•ืก, ืขื•ื™ื ื•ืช, ืงื ืื”, ื ืงืžื”. ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ืฉืœ: ืงื•ื ืคื•ืจืžื™ื•ืช, ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื“ื™ืกื•ื ื ืก ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช (groupthink) ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ืœื (ื•ืœื ื›ืžื• ืขืฆืžืš).

ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืื™ื ื“ื•ืงื˜ืจื™ื ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื”ืžืฉืš ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื”ืžืœืžื“ืช ื›ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื• ื›ื™ื•ื (ืฉืœื ื›ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื›ื™ื ื—ืœื™ืœื”โ€ฆ) ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื ืžืชืงื“ื, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ืžื“ืข ื ืžืฆื ื ืžืฆื ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืžืžืฉ ืขืœ ืกืฃ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ื•ื ื˜ื•ืœื•ืช-ืžืจืคื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ (ืœืžืขื˜ ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื• ื ื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื•), ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื™ื•ื ื”ืงืฆืจ (ื—ืฉืžืœ), ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืขื ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื (ืกืงื™ื™ืค, ,Zoom ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื, ื•ื•ืื˜ืกืืค ื•ื›ื•โ€™), ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืคื ืื™ (ืกืžืืจื˜ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”).

(ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช ื’ื ื”ืŸ ืืœ ื—ืจื•ืฉืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช, ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื—ื–ื™ื•ื ื•ืช-ืฉื•ื•ื ืžืฉื•ืคืจื•ืช: ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ-ื ืฉืžื•ืช, ืชื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื, ื‘ื™ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื—. ื‘ืœ ื ืฉื›ื— , ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”, ืืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืกื—ืจ, ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืœ ืคืจืกื•ืžืช ื•ื›ืœ ืžืกืข ืฉื™ื•ื•ืงื™ โ€“ ืื ื• ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ โ€“ ืฉืขื ืžืฉืงื” ื–ื”, ืขื ืงืจื ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื”ื–ื”, ืขื ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” โ€“ ื™ืฉืชื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืœื ื›ืœ ืงื•ืฉื™)

 ื–ื• ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืจืžืื•ืช, ื›ื™ ืฉื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืชื ืื™ โ€˜ื”ื›ืœืโ€™ ืœื ืชื—ืคื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื ืคืฉ ื”ืื“ื ืœื›ื•ื“ื” ื›ื™ื•ื ื•ืžืชื™ื™ืกืจืช ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ: ื ื™ื›ื•ืจ, ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช, ื—ื•ืกืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœืงื™ื•ื, ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื” (ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืžื—ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืืจืชื•ืจ ืžื™ืœืจ: ืžื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื›ืŸ), ืกื˜ืจืก, ืฉื—ื™ืงื”, ื”ืชืคื•ืจืจื•ืช ื”ืชื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ -ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœ50% ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ (ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ืกื˜ืจื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื’), ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช (ื‘ืจืฆื— ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื•ืช ื–ื•ื’, ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื), ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืขื•ื“.

 ืืš ืœื ืขืœ ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ืืŸ, ืืœื ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ ืจืžืื•ืช ื—ืžืงืžืง ื•ืขืจืžื•ืžื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืจืžืื•ืช ืงืฉื” ืœืื™ืชื•ืจ ื•ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ื•ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ืœืจืžืื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช. ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืœืจืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืฉืช ืžืกื›ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ืฉืœื™ื—ืช ืžืกืจื™ื ืชืช-ืกืคื™ื™ื ืœื ื ืขื™ืžื™ื, ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื—ืœืงืœืงื” ื•ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช) โ€“ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื™ืชืžืžื™ื, ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขืฆืžื ื• ื›ืœื-ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื. ืืš ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ื”ืžืจืžื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื•? ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ื™ืชืžื? ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ื•ื โ€œืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื•โ€. ื›ืืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ื•ืขืจืžื•ืžื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืจืžืื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœืช ื•ืขื“ื™ื ื” ืœืื™ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ืžื–ื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื” ืžืชื•ื—ื›ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉื›ื ื•ืข ื”ืขืฆืžื™ (ืื•ื˜ื•ืกื•ื’ืกื˜ื™ื”). ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืจืžื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžืš ื•ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš, ื”ื™ื ืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” โ€˜ื‘ืืžื ื•ืชโ€™ ื–ื•, ืฉื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื” ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื ื•.

ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื‘ืื” โ€˜ืืžื ื•ืชโ€™ ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœืช ื–ื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืคืจื˜? ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ื• ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื ืชื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช (ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื: โ€œืื ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™โ€). ืื ื• ืื›ืŸ ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืชืคืจื™ื: ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืขืœื™ ื™ื“ืข ืขืฆื•ื (ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”, ืงื•ืจืกื™ื, ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื, ืกืคืจื™ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ โ€œืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืฆืžืšโ€); ืื ื• ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ (ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกืคื•ืจื˜, ืชื•ืกืคื™ ืชื–ื•ื ื”, ืžืื›ืœื™ื โ€˜ื‘ืจื™ืื™ืโ€™); ื‘ืขื™ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ื ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ื–ื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืคืกื™ื›ื•- ืชืจืคื•ื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“. ื•ื”ืžื—ืจ ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื•ืจื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืืชืžื•ืœ. ืื™ืฉ ืœื ื™ื’ื–ื•ืœ ืžืืชื ื• ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืกืคืจ ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื›ื” ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื.

ื›ืš ืื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืกืคืจ ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืงืจื•; ืฉื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื–ืžื ื™, ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื; ืฉื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืœื—ื•โ€ืœ, ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื‘ื, ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื‘ืื”, ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื”, ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ื โ€“ ื™ื’ืจืžื• ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ. ื›ืžื• ืคื™ื ื•ืงื™ื•, ืื ื• ืžืฆืžื™ื—ื™ื ืื˜ ืื˜ ืื•ื–ื ื™ ื—ืžื•ืจ ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžืจืคื™ื ืžื”ืœืš-ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉ: ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื ื•, ืฉื–ื• ื–ื›ื•ืชื ื• (ืœืฆืจื•ืš ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื) ื•ื›ื™ ื™ืฉื ืŸ โ€˜ืžื ื•ืชโ€™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื’ื ื—ืœืงื ื• ืœื ื™ื’ืจืข.

ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืื—ืจืช; ื”ื™ื ืžืœืžื“ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ื›ื™ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉื ื• โ€“ ื™ืฉื ื•, ืœื ื”ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืืœื ื”ื™ืฉ ื”ืืžืชื™; ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื–ื›ื•ืช/ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื• โ€“ ืœ ื”ื™ืื‘ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœื”ื’ืฉืžืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื•ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื™, ืฉืœื ื•, ื•ื–ื• ืืžืช ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื ื• ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืžื•ืœื”.

ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืงื”

ื›ื•ื—ื” ื”ืžื ื™ืข, ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื ื™, ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืงื” ื›ืชืคื™ืฉื”, ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืืฉืจ ืขืœ โ€“ื›ืŸ, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื” ืžืงืจื•ื‘, ืœื”ื›ื™ืจื”, ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื”, ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”, ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื—ืžืงื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื“ืจืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืคื™ืฉื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ื“ื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืžื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžืฉืงืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื, ืืœื ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœืžืงื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื™ืคื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื ืฉื’ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืขื™ืœืื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ-ื›ืŸ, ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื” ื ืจืื™ืช ืฉืงืจื™ืช ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืื™ื“ืืœ, ื•ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื” ืชื•ืคืฉืช ืชืžื•ื ืช ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืื—ืจืช โ€“ ื–ื• ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช. ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืฉื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื” ื•ืœืงืจื•ื ืขืœื™ื” ืชื™ื’ืจ.

ื”ืชืคื™ืฉื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ื›ื™ ื™ืฉื ื• ื—ืœืง ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื” ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ: โ€œืื ืจืง ืืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ (ืืžืฆื ื‘ืŸ/ืช ื–ื•ื’, ืืœื“ ื™ืœื“, ืืจื•ื™ื— ื‘ืคื™ืก, ืืชืงื“ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืืงื ื” ื‘ื™ืช, ืืฉืชื•ืœ ื“ืฉื, ืืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื•ื›ื•โ€™) ืื ืจืง ืืขืฉื”, ื•ืื”ื™ื”, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ โ€“ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื ืขื™ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ืโ€. ื”ืชืคื™ืฉื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ืžืืžื™ื ื” ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืžื” ืœื—ื›ื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืชื’ืฉืžื•; ืžื—ืจ, ืžื—ืจืชื™ื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื” โ€“ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืœื™ืช ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื•ื—; ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืจื’ืข ืžืกื•ื™ื ื•ืื™ืœืš, ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ืžื”ื• ืื•ืชื• โ€˜ืจื’ืข ืžืกื•ื™ืโ€™? ืœื›ื•ืœื ื•, ืžื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ื•ืžื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื–ื“ืžื ื™ื ืจื’ืขื™ื ื›ืืœื”; ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื, ื‘ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื ื™ื—ื“, ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ื• ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืงื”, ื‘ื‘ืช-ืื—ืช, ืืช ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื”. ืœืื—ื“ ื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืงืฉืช ื‘ืขื ืŸ, ืœืื—ืจ, ืฉื“ื” ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื ืข ื‘ืจื•ื—, ืฉืงื™ืขืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ืงื ื˜ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืš, ืืจื•ื—ื” ืกื™ื ื™ืช ืขื ืื”ื•ื‘/ื” ืœืื•ืจ ื ืจื•ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”. ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืื›ืŸ ืฉืงืขื” ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ื‘ืจื“ื™ื• ื ื™ื’ื ื• ืงื ื˜ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืš โ€“ ืืš ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื’ืฉ ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ โ€“ ืื—ืจืื™ ืžื•ื—ื ื•. ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ื“ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื• ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื ื• ื•ืžื”ืชืœื™ื ื‘ื ื•. ื”ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื ื• ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืžืชื™ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ื›ื“ืื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืจื’ืข ื”ื–ื”, ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ืฉืœืžื”. ืœืืžื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืœื ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืื‘ืงื™ื ืื™ื ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืžื“ืžื™ื ืœืจืื•ืชื, ื›ืงืœื™ืคื•ืช, ืฉืื ื ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืงืœืคืŸ, ื ื’ื™ืข ืืœ ื”ืคืจื™ ื”ืจืš ื•ื”ืžืชื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื’ืข ื‘ื•. ืœื”ื“โ€ื.

ื”ืกื›ื ื” ืฉื‘ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ืกื ืžืฉื›ืจ ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื•ื—ื ื•, โ€˜ื”ืžื—ื ืšโ€™ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืฉื, ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื“ ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื ืืœื™ื• ื˜ืจื ื”ื’ืขื ื•, ืฉื ื”ืงืกื ืžืชืžื™ื“ ื•ืงื‘ื•ืข, ืฉื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช. ืœืืžื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืžื” ืฉื”ื โ€“ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื, ื•ื™ื•ืคื™ื™ื ื•ืงื™ืกืžื ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชืคื™ืฉืชื ื•. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืกืคืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืจืžื” ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ืื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ื›ืœื•ื. ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืจืกืŸ ืืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืืช โ€˜ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชืโ€™: ื‘ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื•ืกื˜ืœื’ื™ื” โ€“ ื•ืœื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืก ืœืžืื‘ืงโ€ฆ

ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืงื” ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ื›ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื‘-ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืจืง โ€˜ื”ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ืโ€™ ืœืงืจืืช ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืฉืจ. ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืชืขืชืข ื”ื–ื”. ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ืขื“ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื, ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืœื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื’ืฉืžื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช. ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืจื ื™, ืžืคื•ื›ื—, ื ื˜ื•ืข ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื›ืืŸ ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•; ื—ื™ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื›ืš ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืื ื˜ื™ ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช.

ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืกื•ืคืจืžืจืงื˜ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ื•ืœื ื• ืžื’ื™ืข ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ (ื›ื›ื” ื’ื ืืžื ืืžืจื”โ€ฆ). ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืื ื˜ื™-ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืฉื“ื” ืงืจื‘ ืฉืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื•. ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžื’ืจืฉ-ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืื• ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ, ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ืžืกืข, ื‘ืžืื‘ืง, ืงืจื™: ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš (ื”ื“ืจืš) ื•ืœื ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื” (ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื).

ืื ื ืฉื›ื™ืœ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืžื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ืฆืขื™ืฃ ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืงื”, ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื›ืืŸ ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืขื–ื”, ืฉื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉืœ ืขืฆื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.

 ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ืข ื•ืื™ื ื• ื—ื“ืœ ืžืชื ื•ืขืชื• ืœืจื’ืข, ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ื•ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืขื™ืžื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืœื, (ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืฉื” ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ืื• ื”ืื ื˜ื™-ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ื—ืฉื™ื ื›ื™ ืื ื• ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื›ืœ ื•ื›ื™ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื ื• ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืกืคืงื• ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืงืฉืช ื‘ืขื ืŸ โ€“ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืงื™ื•ืžื ื• ื•ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืฉืจ ื”ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื (ื‘ืœื™ ื›ืœ ืงืฉืจ ืืœื™ื ื•).

ืœื ื• ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”, ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื—ืœื•ื ืžืชื•ืง (ืฉื‘ื•ื ื™ื‘ื•ืโ€ฆ) ืื• ืœื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืœืขื•ืœื ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื.

 ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช

ื—ืœืง ืจืืฉื•ืŸ

ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ืœืฉื™ื), ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืจื™ืงื ื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช, ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ื”ืจื“ื™ืคื” ืื—ืจ ืกื˜ืื˜ื•ืก, ืžืžื•ืŸ, ื›ื•ื— ื•ืชืขื ื•ื’ื•ืช โ€“ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืชื ื• (ืืžืฆืข 2020) ืœืฉื™ื ื—ืกืจ ืชืงื“ื™ื. ืžืชื•ืš ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืช: ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื”ื“ืชื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช (ื•ื’ื ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช) โ€“ ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื—ืชืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ืฉื—ื™ืงืช ื”ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื”ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื•ื›ื™ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ื•ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื›ื ื’ื“ ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื˜ืื™ื ื‘ื ืฆืจื•ืช, ื”ื ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ื–ื• โ€“ ื•ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื“ื™.

ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืฆื ื›ื ื’ื“ ืฉืชื™ ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘โ€™ื—ื˜ืื™ืโ€™ โ€“ ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืงืฆื ื•ืช. ื”ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื ืื™ ื”ื“ืชื™, ื”ื ื–ื™ืจ, ื”ืžืกืจืก ื•ืขื•ืงืจ ืžืฉื•ืจืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื“ โ€˜ื”ื ืžื•ืšโ€™ ื•ื”ื™ืฆืจื™ ื‘ืื“ื. ื”ืื—ืจืช ื”ื™ื ื’ื™ืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื›ื—ืฉ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื™ ื•ื”ื–ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื™ โ€“ ื”ืžืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืฅ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื™ืฆืจื™ื; ื”ื•ื ื”ืื–ืจื— ื”ืžื”ื•ื’ืŸ, ื ืงื™-ื”ื›ืคื™ื™ื, ื”ืžืฉืœื ืžื™ืกื™ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ, ืฉื•ืžืจ ื—ื•ืง (ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ืฉื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื), ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืชื“ืžื™ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืงื•ื‘ืจ ืืช ื™ืฆืจื™ื• ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ. 

(ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ืžื—ื–ื”ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืจื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืกืŸ; โ€œืคืจ ื’ื™ื ื˜โ€, ืคื•ื’ืฉ ืคืจ ืืช ืžืชื™ืš ื”ื›ืคืชื•ืจื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ื ืื ืืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœืžืœืืš ื”ืžื•ื•ืช. ื•ืžืชื™ืš ื”ื›ืคืชื•ืจื™ื ืื•ืžืจ ืœื• ืฉื–ื”ื• ื–ื”, ื–ื” ื”ืกื•ืฃ, ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืชื• ืœืชืจื•ื•ื“ ืฉืœื• ื•ืœื”ืชื™ืš ืื•ืชื• (ื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื?) ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืžืžื ื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืคืชื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ืคืจ ืžื•ื—ื” ื•ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืœื ืขืฉื” ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืข ื‘ืืžืช, ื›ืš ืœื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื• ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ื–ื”. ืžืชื™ืš ื”ื›ืคืชื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื›ื™ื ืื™ืชื• ื•ืื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืจืข ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื˜ื•ื‘ โ€“ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืชื• ืœืชืจื•ื•ื“, ืจืง ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ืขืฉื• ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื• ืžืžืฉ ืžืžืฉ ืจืข โ€“ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืชื›ื™ื. ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื™ื.(

ืื—ืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื: ืฉืงืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืืชื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช (ื•ื”ืคื™ื›ืช โ€˜ื”ื—ื˜ืื™ืโ€™ ืœืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช) ืื ืืชื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืชื›ื—ืฉ ืœืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื (ืื• ื”ืืคืœื™ื) ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืืชื”, ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ, ืจืง ืžื“ื—ื™ืง ืื•ืชื. ื“ื•ืžื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืžืืžืฆื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืžืฉืงืœื: ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืงื ืื™ื (ืคื ืื˜ื™ื™ื) โ€“ ื”ื ืชืคืกื™ื ืœืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” ืื• ื˜ื‘ืขื•ื ื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช (ื›ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื–ื™ืจ), ื•ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืื—ืจ ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื, ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื” ืžื•ืคืจื–ืช ื ื•ื”ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื“ื™ืื˜ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ, ืืš ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคืžื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื—ื™ ื‘ื”ื ื”ืื“ื ื”ืฉืžืŸ, ื”ืžื—ื›ื” ืœื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื–ืœื•ืœ (ื›ื“ืจื›ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื™ ื•ื”ื–ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื™ ื”ืžื”ื•ื’ื ื™ื). ืืš ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื: ืœื”ืงื ื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžืš ื”ืจื’ืœื™ ืื›ื™ืœื” ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื”ื ืืชื” ืžื ื”ืœ ืืช ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ืฉืœืš; ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืคืขื ืœืคืขื ืขื•ื’ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืžืคืขื ืœืคืขื, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืœื”ืชืคืจืข.

ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ืช, ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืืžื ื ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื™ืฆืจื™ื, ืืš ืจืง ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืื” ืžื‘ื•ืงืจืช, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•: ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ื™ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ื—ืงืชื• โ€“ ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ืื• ืœืกืจืกื• ืžืฆื“ ื”ืื—ืจ. ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ืฆืจ, ื‘ื•ื—ื ืช ื•ืžืชื™ื™ื“ื“ืช ืืชื• โ€“ ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื’ื ื”ืžื“ื—ื™ืง ื”ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื™ ื•ื’ื ื”ืžืกืจืก ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืฆืจ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื™ืฆืจ, ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ืช, ืžื•ื ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื™ืฆืจ.

ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืื• ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ื“ืชื™ ืื• ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืชื ื–ืจ ื•ืœื”ืกืชื’ืฃ โ€“ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืื• ื“ืชื™ ื•ืชื• ืœื. ื”ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. โ€œื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ื—ื‘ืœ ืžืชื•ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื” ื•ืขืœ-ืื“ื โ€“ ื—ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืชื”ื•ืโ€, ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ืฉื”. ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื” ืœืžืœืืš, ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืขืœื” ืื• ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื˜ื”, ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื‘ืจื™ืื”; ื”ืคืจื” ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืขืœื” ืชืคื’ื•ื ื‘ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืคืจื” ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื˜ื” ืชืคื’ื•ื ื‘ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช.

ืฉื‘ื™ืœ-ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื”ื ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ ื•ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจ โ€“ ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื™ืฆืจื™ื, ื”ืชื™ื™ื“ื“ื•ืช ืฉืชื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืžืชืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ืฆืจ, ืœืฉืžืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืงืฉื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื“ื—ืงื” ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืื• ืกื’ืคื ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™.

ื—ืœืง ืฉื ื™

ืฉืืœืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื ืื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืืœื ืžื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืื‘ ื”ืื“ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื•ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื“ื—ืคื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื•. ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืืžืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื, ืฉืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ื ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืœื›ืš ื•ื”ื ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืœื™ืฆืจื™ื”ื ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืืžืช. ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืงืœ, ื’ื ื›ืืŸ, ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื”ื™ื: ืžื ื™ืŸ ื™ื‘ื•ื ื”ื›ื•ื— ืœืจืฆื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืขื•ื“ืฃ, ื›ื•ื— ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ ืื›ื™ืœื” ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื?

ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื›ืš ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื•ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื™ืœ-ื”ื–ื”ื‘, ื–ื• ื”ืžืฆื™ืขื” ื–ื• ื”ืžืฆื™ืขื” ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืืžืชื™ืช. ื”ืงืœื™ืฉืื” ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื›ื•ื—, ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืื“ื ื›ื•ื— โ€“ ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“. ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื•ื. ื”ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš ืขื ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ืžืกืคืง ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ืฉืขืžื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื™ืฆืจื™ื, ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื—ื™ื›ื•ืš ื’ืคืจื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืงื•ืคืกืช ื”ื’ืคืจื•ืจื™ื. ื”ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื—ื•ื ื•ื”ื—ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ. ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืฉื•ืื‘ ืืœื™ื• ืืช ื”ืœื”ื‘ื”, ื•ืขื ื”ืœื”ื‘ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช. ืื“ื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืคืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื“ื‘ืจ, ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ืช, ืœืœื ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืื• ืืฉ. ื”ืืฉ ื”ืืžืชื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืจืง ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš ืขื ืฉืืœื•ืช-ื™ืกื•ื“; ื”ืžื•ื•ืช, ื”ืจื™ืง ื”ืงื™ื•ืžื™, ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืคืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืจ, ื”ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช. ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืฉืืœื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ืืœื”, ืœื ื™ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืื“ื ืžืชื— ืคื ื™ืžื™. ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืขืฆืžื ื• ืฉืืœื•ืช ืืœื” ื•ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืชืกื›ื•ืœ ืžื›ืœ ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืžื•ืช ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ืขื“ ืฉื ื—ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ื–ืขืงื” ื‘ื•ืงืขืช ืžืชื•ื›ื ื•. ืžืขืฆื ื”ื–ืขืงื” ื™ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ื”ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš, ื™ื™ื‘ื ื” ื”ืžืชื— ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™. ื‘ืขืฆื, ืื ื• ืฉื•ืื‘ื™ื ื›ื•ื— ืžืŸ ื”ืชืกื›ื•ืœ, ืžืŸ ื”ื ื•ืืฉื•ืช. ืื“ื ืฉื‘ืข ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื• ืื“ื ืžืจื•ืงืŸ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืืžืฅ ืื“ื ืœืœื™ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืชืกื›ื•ืœ ื”ืงื™ื•ืžื™, ื›ืŸ ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืชื— ืจื•ื—ื ื™, ืฉื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืงื™ื•ืžื•.

ื”ืงื˜ืข ื”ืืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื›ื•ื— ื•ืœืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื”, ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื ืื•ืชื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ืขื ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืคืชืข ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจืง ื”ื”ื’ื‘ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื™ืฆืจื™ืช ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืืžืชื™ืช, ื•ืจืง ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืžื•ื•ืช ืžื ื™ืขื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืช. ื•ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื•ืœื™ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืžืŸ ื”ืจื•ื—.

ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืžื›ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืื™ืŸ ื•ืจื™ืงื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ื ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ื•ืจืง ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื™ืžื ืžื˜ืขื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื”ืชืจื•ืžื ืžืขืœ ื”ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื™ื-ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ืืš ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืชื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื. ื”ื™ืงื™ืฆื” ื”ืืžืชื™ืช ืชื‘ื•ื ืจืง ื‘ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืชื™ื–ื”. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื•ื ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืจื™ืงื ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช, ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื—ื›ื›ื•ืช ืขื ืฉืืœื•ืช ืงื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ื•ืžืชืกื›ืœื•ืช; ื•ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืขืฉื• ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ืžื ืฉื•ื ,, ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ื˜ืขื™ื ื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™, ื›ื™ ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš ืขื ื”ืื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืจื™ืงื ื•ืช ื’ืจื ืœื˜ืขื™ื ื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ โ€“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช, ื•ืจืง ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ื˜ืขื. ืจืง ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืจื™ืง ื”ืงื™ื•ืžื™, ืขื ื”ืื‘ืกื•ืจื“ ื”ืืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ื•ืขื ื”ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื›ืœ โ€“ ืขื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช, ืจืง ืื– ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื•ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืืžืชื™ื•ืช ืœืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื˜ื•ื”ืจ ืคื ื™ืžื™ โ€“ ืžืชื•ืš ืจืขื‘ ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืขื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช,] ืฉื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื” ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืจื.

ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืคืฉืจื”

ืื ื• ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืœืคืฉืจื•ืช ื•ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืจื™ื, ืื ื• ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืœื”ื‘ืœื™ื’ ื•ืœื‘ืœื•ืข; ืžืŸ ื”ืžืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืžืชืœื•ื ืŸ, ืžืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื“ื•ืืจ ืงืฆืจ ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ืžื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื ื•. ืื ื• ื‘ื•ืœืขื™ื, ืžื•ื•ืชืจื™ื ื•ืžืชืคืฉืจื™ื ืขืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืœื ื•. ื•ื›ืš ื ืขืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ื ืขื™ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœื›ืื•ืจื”. ืื˜ ืื˜ ืื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ืชืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื›ืืœ ืžืก ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืœื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื• ืขื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืงื˜โ€ฆ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื”ื”ืชืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื“ืจืš-ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื ื”ืคื›ืช ืœืžืขื™ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉื ื™.

ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืชืคืฉืจื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื“ืจืš ืฉืขืจื™ื ืžืกืคืจ, ื•ืฉื ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื ืฉืขืจ ื”ืืฉืžื” ื•ืฉืขืจ ืจื’ืฉื™ ื”ื ื—ื™ืชื•ืช. ืืœ ืฉืขืจื™ื ืืœื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืคืจื•ื–ื“ื•ืจ ืืจื•ืš ื”ื ืงืจื: ืคืจื•ื–ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืคื•ืœื•ื’ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืชื™ืจื•ืฅ, ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืืฉืฉ ืืช ืžื ื”ื’ื ื• ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื ื• ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ โ€˜ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆื“ืงื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืชโ€™, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ื ื™, ื”ืฉืื™ืคื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžื ื ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืขื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ืืœื”.

 ื•ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•, ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืœื•ื•ืชืจ, ืœื”ื‘ืœื™ื’, ืœื‘ืœื•ืข, ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืคื ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืขืฆืžื ื• ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื™ืงืจื” ืœื ื• โ€“ ืžื›ื•ืœื ื ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื. ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืื™ื ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉ. ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื™ืฉื ื• ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื ื•ื˜ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืจื™ื (ื–ื” ืฉื ืกื•ื’ ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื–ื” ืžื‘ื˜ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™-ื”ืกื›ืžื”, ืื• ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช), ื•ืงื™ื™ื ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืžื•ื•ืชืจ ืคื—ื•ืช. ื“ื•ืžื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืฉืชื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืกืขื•ืช ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืฆืจื”. ืื—ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืชื™ืฉืืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ, ื”ืื—ืจืช ืชื™ืืœืฅ ืœื”ื™ืฆืžื“ ืœืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื. ื”ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•ืช (ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉืžื•ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœื) ืœืขื•ืœื ืื™ื ื” ืžืงืจื™ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืจืื™ืช ืœืคืขืžื™ื.

ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืกืจื™ื ืกืžื•ื™ื™ื, ื›ืš ืœื•ืžื“ ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื›ื™ ื”ืื—ืจ ื ื—ื•ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืขืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ืฆื— ื‘ืขื™ืžื•ืช, ื—ืกืจ ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืจืขื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ืื• ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืงืœื™ื˜ื” (ืฉื•ื‘, ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื“ืขืช ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื”) ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ื–ื”, ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ื”ืžื ื™ืขื” ืืช ื”ืื—ื“ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ, ืœื”ื‘ืœื™ื’ ื•โ€™ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ื‘ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ืโ€™. ื›ืœ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื–ื•ื’ื™ืช, ืชื”ื ื”ื™ืคื” ื•ื”ืืฆื™ืœื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืชื™ื‘ื—ืŸ ืชืžื™ื“ ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื, ื”ื—ื–ืง ื•ื”ื—ืœืฉ โ€“ ืœืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ. ืื™ืชื ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืชื™ื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืกืจื‘ ื”ืžืชืคืฉืจ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืžืœื ืืช โ€˜ืชืคืงื™ื“ื•โ€™ ื•ื™ื ืกื” ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœืขืฆืžื• ื›ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื•, ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช.

ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•, ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•ื—ื ื•ืช, ืžืชื”ื“ืจืช ื‘ื—ืœื•ืŸ-ืจืื•ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ื•ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช, ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ืฉืืจ ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืฉืจื•ืช. ืืš ืขืจื›ื™ื ืืœื” ื™ืคื™ื ืœื—ื–ืงื™ื ืฉื™ืืžืฆื•ื, ืืš ื”ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื, ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื ื ื”ื—ืœืฉื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ. ื”ื—ืœืฉื™ื, (ืฉื”ื ื”ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื). ื”ื—ืœืฉื™ื ื”ื ืืœื” ื”ืžื•ื•ืชืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžื‘ืœื™ื’ื™ื, ื”ื ืืœื” ื”ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืžืขื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ื ืืœื” ื”ืžื–ื“ืจื–ื™ื ืœืžืœื ืื—ืจ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื ื‘ืขื• ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื•ืืžืชื™. ืงืฉื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื•ืจืœื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืฉื ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžืชืคืฉืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื›ื™ ืœื ืขื•ื“. ืื•ื™ ืœื• ืœื–ื” ืฉื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืœืฉืชื• ื•ื”ืขื– ืœืคืชืข ืœื—ืจื•ื’ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื•. ืื• ืื– ืžืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื ื›ืœ ืกื›ืจื™ ื”ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื ื•ืฉืจื•ืช ืžืกื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื›ื™ื, ื•ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืจืขื™ื”ืŸ ืคื•ืจืฅ ื”ืงืจื ืฃ ื”ื ื•ืจื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื•ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื, ื‘ืžืจื•ืฆื” ื—ืกืจืช ืจืกืŸ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืขื•ื˜ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ื”. ืืš ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื“ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืจืžื– ืžืื™ื™ื ืžืฆื“ ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ โ€“ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืžื™ ืฉื”ืขื– ืœื—ืจื•ื’ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื”ืคืกื™ื‘ื™ ื™ืชืงืคืœ ืžื™ื“.

ืื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื—ืœืฉ: โ€œืืชื” ืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจโ€ โ€“ ื’ื ืื ื”ื•ื ืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื”ื•ื ื™ืคืฉืคืฉ ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ ื™ื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืžื›ืœ ื›ืœ, ื’ื ืื ื”ื•ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจ.

ื”ืคื—ื“ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™, ื”ื ื•ืจื ื•ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืžื›ื•ืœื, ื”ืคื—ื“ ื”ืžื ื™ืข ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื”ื‘ืœื™ื’, ืœื‘ืœื•ืข, ืœื”ืชืงืคืœ ื•โ€™ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื“ืจโ€™ โ€“ ื”ื•ื ืคื—ื“ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื ื˜ื™ืฉื”, ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™. ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืžืชื ื•ืคืคืช ื—ืจื‘ ื”ืคื—ื“ ืžืขืœ ืœืจืืฉื ื• (ื™ื”ื ืืžืชื™ ืื• ืžื“ื•ืžื”) โ€“ ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื™ื ืื ื• ืœื—ื•ืœืฉื” ื‘ื™ื—ืกื ื• ืขื ืื—ืจื™ื.

ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืขืžื“ืช ื”ืžืชืคืฉืจ ืขืœ ืคื—ื•ืช, ืœืขืžื“ืช ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ืฉืœื•, ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื: ื”ืื—ื“: ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืฉโ€™ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื™โ€™ ืœืœื ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืืฉื ืื• ื ื—ื™ืชื•ืช. ื”ืื—ืจ: ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช โ€˜ื ื—ืžื“โ€™ ืœื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”โ€™ืœื ื ื—ืžื“โ€™ ืื• ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืคืช. ืžืขื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืคื—ื“ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืฉืžื ื ื—ื•ื•ื” ื ื˜ื™ืฉื” ื•ืฉื—ืก ื•ื—ืœื™ืœื” ืœื ืชื•ืฆืžื“ ืœื ื• ืกื˜ื™ื’ืžื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.

ื›ืš, ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืœืงื—ื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืฉืชื™ื™ืš ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื•ื”ืคื—ื“ ืœื”ื™ื ื˜ืฉ ืžืฆื“ ืื—ืจ โ€“ ืื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช, ืœื”ืขืœื™ื ืขื™ืŸ, ืœื ืœื”ืชืœื•ื ืŸ, ืœื ืœื”ืชืขืžืช, ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ. ื›ืš, ืื ื• ืžื“ืžื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื ื•, ื ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืงืคื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื, ื•ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื. ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืจืžื•ืกื•ืช ื•ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื ื• ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ื—ื ื•ืงื™ื โ€“ ื–ื•ืขืงื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื–ืขืงื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืฉืžืขืช, ื–ืขืงื” ืื™ืœืžืช, ื–ืขืงื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืื”.

ืžืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช

ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื ื• ื˜ื•ืขื™ื ื•ืชื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ืื• ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™, ื•ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืืช ืขืจื›ื• ื”ืกื’ื•ืœื™ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ื•ื”ืืžืชื™. ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ืชื‘ื•ื ืœืขื–ืจื ื• ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช. ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื”ื ืืžื ื” ื•ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืฉื™ื. ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื” ืœื–ืžืŸ ืœืฉื ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื” ื•ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื”. ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื ืฉืœ ื‘ืืš ื•ืžื•ืฆืืจื˜ ืœื ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ื”ื ื›ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื’ืื•ื ื™ื. ืœืขื•ืžืชื ื”ื™ื• ืืœื” ืฉื”ื•ื›ืจื• ื‘ืฉืขืชื ื›ื’ืื•ื ื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ. ื•ื”ื ื” ื—ืœืฃ ื“ื•ืจ ื•ืขืžื• ื’ื ื—ืœืคื” ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื’ืื•ื ื™ื•ืชื. ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื’ื•ื•ืขื™ื ืžืฆื”ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ื“ื•ื”ื” ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื, ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื•ืœืคืช ืœื” ืชื”ื™ืœืช-ืขื•ืœื โ€“ ื ื•ืชืจ ื”ื’ืœืขื™ืŸ ืฉืขื™ื•ื•ืชื™ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืคื›ืคื›ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื•, ื ื•ืชืจืช ื”ืืžืช: ืžื’ื•ื‘ืฉืช, ืขื™ืจื•ืžื”, ืฆืœื•ืœื” ื•ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžืขื•ืจืขืจืช. ื—ื•ืœืฃ ื–ืžืŸ ืขื“ ืฉื”ื‘ืœื™ ืžื” ืฉืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื ืชื•ืŸ โ€“ ื ืขืœืžื™ื, ื•ืื– ื ื—ืฉืคืช ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช, ื ื—ืฉืคืช ื”ืžื”ื•ืช, ื‘ืขืœืช ืขืจืš ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืชื›ืœื”. ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื” ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ืช, ืืš ื”ืืžืช ื ื•ืชืจืช; ืžื•ืกืชืจืช, ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœืฃ, ืืš ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืชืจืช; ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช, ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ืช ื•ืงื•ืจื ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืœื.

ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื—ืœืฃ ืจืง ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฆื“ืง ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ, ืืš ืžื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื•? ืœืžืฉืœ.

ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื“ืง ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช, ื”ื™ื ืงืฉื”, ื ื•ืงืฉื” ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืชืคืฉืจืช. ืœื›ืŸ, ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื‘ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื ืœืงืฉื™ื, ื—ืกืจื™ ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช, ืคื ืื˜ื™ื™ื, ื–ื•ืขืžื™ื, ืื ื˜ื™-ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ื™ื, ืฉื•ื—ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ื–ืจื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ืขื™ืก. ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื, ืื™ื ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช, ืืš ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœ ื ืจืฉื ื‘ื”ื ื”ืœืช ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช.

ื›ืœ ืฉืื“ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืกื’ื•ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื”ื•ื: โ€œืื™ื–ื• ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืชื”ื ืœื• ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืโ€? ื•ืื– ืขืจืคืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืขืœื. ื•ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉื“ ืžื”ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง โ€“ ื”ื™ื ืชืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ ืœืคืชืข, ืฉื’ื™ืื” ื•ืขืฆื•ืžื”: ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช.

3 ืžืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš:

1. ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžืžืกื“ื™

ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื™ื ื• ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช: ืื™ืš ืœื—ื ืš? ืžืชื™ ืœื—ื ืš? ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ืœื—ื ืš? ืืช ืžื™ ืœื—ื ืš? ืขื“ ื›ืžื”? ื‘ืื™ืœื• ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช?

ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื™ื ื” ืžื™ืœื” ื ืจื“ืคืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ื™ืœื“ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืš ื•ืžืชืขืฆื‘, ื•ืขืœ-ื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื™ืชืขืฆื‘ ื›ืื“ื, ื›ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช, ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื–ื• ืื—ืจืช ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš.

 ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื˜ื•ื‘. ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช, ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช. ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช (ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืœื” ื’ื ืืช ืžื™ืจื‘ ื–ืžื ื•: ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš(ื’ืŸ, ื‘ื™โ€ืก) ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืช (ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”).

ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืชื™ ืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉื, ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ ื•ื-ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ (ืกืžื•ื™). ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ืขื•ื‘ื“ืชื™, ืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ (ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคื•ืจืžืœื™), ืืš ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ืžืขืฆื‘ ื“ืžื•ืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืฉืชื”ื ืชื•ืืžืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื: ืฆืจื›ื ื™ืช, ืžื˜ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช, ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ืช (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ) ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ืช (ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื-ืคื•ืจืžืœื™, ืกืžื•ื™)).

ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช, ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื ื•ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื, ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื ืคืฉื™ ื•ื›ื•โ€, ืืš ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ (ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื-ืคื•ืจืžืœื™, ืกืžื•ื™) ืžื ื—ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืืช ื—ืฉืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืคื—ื“ื ืฉืžื ื™ืœื“ื ืœื ื™ืฆืœื™ื— ,ื‘ื‘ื’ืจื•ืชื•, ืœื”ืชื‘ืจื’ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช..

ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืืš ืขืœื” ืชืื ื” ื”ืžื ืกื” ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ืขืจื•ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื-ืคื•ืจืžืœื™, ื”ืงื™ื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—. ืชื›ื ื™ื ืืœื” ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ืจ ื•ืžื ื—ื™ืœื™ื ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืขื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื•ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืชื•.

ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื-ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ (ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืข ื‘ืืžืช ืขืœ ื ืคืฉ ื”ื™ืœื“) โ€“ ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืืฉื, ื”ื™ืœื“ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืื– ืžื•ืคื ื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ื• ืžืกืจื™ื ืกืžื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ื• ืจื’ืฉื™ ืืฉื. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืฉื ืžื ื•ื•ื˜ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื”, ืžื ื™ืขื” ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืขืฆืžื• ืœืกื“ืจ ื”ืงื™ื™ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื•ื ืคื•ืจืžื™. ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืฉื ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ืœืฆื™ื™ืชืŸ, ืืฅ ืœื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืžืกื“ ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืข ื‘ื›ืš ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืฉืžื” ืฉืœื• (โ€œืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจโ€) ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื“ืจ โ€“ ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™. ืžืฉื”ื•ืคืขืœ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”โ€ืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจโ€ โ€“ ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ืคืจื™ืข ืขื•ื“ ืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ื”ืฉืœื˜ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื (ื”ื ืงืจื ื‘ืฉื: ืžืฉื-ื•ืžืชืŸ), ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ืจื•ื•ื— ื•ื”ืคืกื“ (ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื: ืžืกื—ืจ), ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉื ื•ืช (ื”ื ืงืจื: ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช). ืžืขืชื”, ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืชืขื ื•ื’ ื•ื”ืื’ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉื’ืฉื’ื• ืชื—ืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ืฆื‘ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื™ื™ืงืœืข ืœื“ื™ื›ื•ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช. ื”ื•ื ื™ื ืกื” ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ื• ืœืชืขืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืฉื ื™ ื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื ืืœื”, ื•ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžืกื•ืคืง ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื’ื ื™ื—ื“. ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื™ืฉ ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืžืฉืœื”, ื•ืขืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื”ื›ืฉื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ืžื™ืจื‘ ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืžืขืจืš ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™/ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื”ืงื™ื™ื. ืžืฉื•ื ืกื™ื‘ื” ื–ื• ืžื•ืฉื ื“ื’ืฉ ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื’ืžืชื™ื•ืช, ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“. (ืคืจื•ืคโ€™ ืฉืœืžื” ื’ื™ื•ืจื ืฉื•ื”ื ืงื•ืจื ืœืžื’ืžื” ื–ื•: ื“ืขื™ื›ืช ื”ืจื•ื—), ืื ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ืกื’ืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื™ืกืชื›ืŸ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื‘ื’ืจื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื”ืคืš ืœืื™ืฉ-ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื, ืœื—ืจื™ื’, ืืื•ื˜ืกื™ื™ื“ืจ ื•ื“ื—ื•ื™, ื•ืื– ื™ื˜ืคื— ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืจื’ืฉื™ ืืฉื, โ€˜ืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจโ€™ ื•ืขื ื™ืฉื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช.

ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืืžืชื™ ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืœื›ืคื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ื•ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืœื”ืงื™ืฅ, ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืืช ื”ืฉืื™ืคื” ื•ื ื–ืขืงื” ืœืžื™ืžื•ืฉ. ืžื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ื›ืš, ืžืฆื˜ืžืฆื ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื‘ื”ืฉืชื“ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ืœื‘ืœื•ื ื•ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื ืชื™ื‘ื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืœืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื•ื”ื’ืฉืžื”.

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โ€œื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื”ืจื™ืกืช ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื›ืœืœ,.

ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ืฉื” 1844-1900

2. ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™

ื‘ืžืขืจืš-ื”ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ื”ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจื” ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื•, ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™, ืžืคืจื ืก ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืžืืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“.

ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ โ€“ ืœื—ืคืฉ, ืœื”ืงืฉื•ืช, ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืืœื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืžืกื“ ืฉื”ื›ืฉื™ืจ ืื•ืชื•.

ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ื‘ื™ืช: ืœื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™-ื”ืื“ื ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช, ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืœื•, ืืš ื”ื™ืœื“, ืฉื”ื”ื•ืจื” ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื• ืืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืืชื• ืฉืœื•, ื›ืžืขื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื•, ืžืขื™ืŸ ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื, ื›ื”ื•ืจื”, ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื• ื”ื•ื. ืื• ืื– ืžื•ื˜ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื›ืžื• ื”ืฆื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช, ืขื•ืžืก ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ื“ื: ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื•ืœื ื›ืœื•ื ืขื ืžืฉืืœื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“. ืขื•ืžืก ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื–ื” ื—ื•ื ืง ืืช ื–ืขืงืช ื”ื”ื’ืฉืžื” ื•ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“. ื”ื™ืœื“ ื ื”ืคืš (ืฉืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ืชื•) ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืœื”ื’ืฉืžืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื•ืœื ืขื•ื“ ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื”.

ืœืชื•ืš ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื ื›ื ืก ื”ืคื—ื“. ื”ืคื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืคืŸ ื™ืงืœืงืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืืช ืขืชื™ื“ื, ืœื™ืชืจ ื“ื™ื•ืง, ืืช ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืจื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืชื™ื“ื• ืฉืขืชื” ืžื•ื ื— ืขืœ ื›ืชืคื™ ื”ื™ืœื“. ืคื—ื“ ืคื• ื™ืงืœืงืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืืช ื”ืชื“ืžื™ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืฉืœื•. ื™ื“ื•ืข ื”ืคืกื•ืง: โ€œืื‘ื•ืช ืื›ืœื• ื‘ื•ืกืจ ื•ืฉื™ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื ืชื›ื”ื ื”โ€œ, ืืš ื›ืืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื™ืคื•ื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™: ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื›ืœื• ื‘ื•ืกืจ (ืœื ื”ื’ืฉื™ืžื• ืืชืช ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื) ื•ืฉื™ื ื™ ืื‘ื•ืช ืชื›ื”ื™ื ื” (ืื›ื–ื‘ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ื’ืฉืžืช ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืžื™ืœื“ื).

ืืš ืื ื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื•; ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื•ืžืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื”ืงื™ื™ื, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืื•ืชื• ืขืœื” ืชืื ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื”ื•ืจื™ื•โ€ฆ

ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ื™ื™ื ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืœืชืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืื–ื™ืŸ, ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœืฉืžืžื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช, ืœืงื•ืœื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื”ื, ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืกื ื” ืฉืœ ื ืฉืžืชื. ืงื•ืœ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื”ื–ื•ืขืง ืœืžืขืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืงื•ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื•ื˜ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ โ€“ ืืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ืช. ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸ, ืืœื ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื ืœื”ืชืคื˜ื ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช, ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื, ืืœื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืœื—ืคืฉ, ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช:

ยท        ืœืืŸ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื?

ยท        ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื™ ื—ื™?

ยท        ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ื—ื™ื™?

ยท         ืžื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•?

ยท        ืžื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™?

ยท        ืžื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™?

ยท        ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื” ืื ื™ ื—ื™?

ยท        ืžื” ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื?

ยท        ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ ืขื“ ื›ื”?

ยท        ื”ืื ืื ื™ ืฉื‘ืข ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืžื—ื™ื™?

ยท        ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื”?

ยท        ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืื ื™ ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™?

*

โ€œื ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ืื ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ืคืจื“ื•ื›ืกืœื™ืช, ืฉื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื ื”ืคืš ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืชโ€

ื‘ืจื˜ืจืื ื“ ืจืืกืœ

3.ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ (ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™)

ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™: ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื ื•ืฉืง ืœืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ืœื—ื ื•ืš ื•ื—ื ื™ื›ื”. ื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื•ื ื— ื”ืœื•ืขื–ื™: Initiation, ืฉื”ื•ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื” ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ื ื•ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื, ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื›ื™ื ื• ื–ืงื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืืžืชื™ โ€“ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืฆืžื. ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื—ื ื™ื›ื” ื ืžืฆื ื’ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ; ื—ื•ื ื›ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื”, ื—ื ื•ื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื—ื’ ื”ื—ื ื•ื›ื”. ื‘ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื›ื ื”, ืฉื™ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื•ื”ืชืืžื” โ€“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื”ื• ืœืงืจืืช ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื•, ืœืงืจืืช ืชืคืงื•ื“ื• ื”ืขืฆืžืื™.

ื”ืื ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ?

ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื”ื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืœื˜ืช ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช. ื–ื” ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืงื•ื ืคื•ืจืžื™, ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ื–ืจื•ืข ืžื‘ืฆืขืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™. ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืื ื• ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื•ื; ืฉื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื• ื™ื™ืฉืืจ ื”ืื“ื ืžืคื’ืจ, ื’ื•ืœืžื™, ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžืคื•ืชื—, ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™. ื”ืื•ืžื ื? ืœื, ื”ืื“ื ื™ืฆืžื— ื‘ืืžืช ืจืง ืื ื™ืžืžืฉ ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื”ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื•. ืœืฉื ื›ืš ืขืœื™ื• ืœืฆืžื•ื— ืืœ ืขื•ืœื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™, ื ืขื“ืจ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื“ื•ื’ืžื•ืช: ืขื•ืœื ืฉืฉื•ืจืจ ื‘ื• ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™, ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื•ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™; ืขื•ืœื ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ืžืจื—ื‘ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืœืžื” ืฉื’ืœื•ื ื‘ืื“ื. ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจ ืขื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช. ื–ื” ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืจืš ื”ืฆื•ืžื— ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื›ืžื•ืช ื•ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืช ืœื”ื, ื•ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื•ืชื ื•ืœืฉื ื ื.

ื“ื•ืžื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืฉืชื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื’ืคืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืืฃ ืœืฆืžื•ื— ืืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ื• ื•ืžืขืœื™ื•, ืืš ื ืืœืฅ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืขืฆืžื• ืœืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉื›ื•ืคื” ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื›ื•ืจื, ื”ื“ืœื™ื™ื” (ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื, ื’ื“ืจ, ืกื•ื›ื”, ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื) ื”ื–ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืงืฉืจื• ื‘ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื˜ื™ ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื’ืคืŸ ืชื˜ืคืก ื•ืชืื—ื– ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื”. ื•ืื™ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื’ืคืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช? ื–ื• ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืขืฆืžื• ืœืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื•ืœืชื•ืžื›ื•ืช. ื–ื• ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืœื’ื™ื–ื•ื, ื”ื“ืœื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืงืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœื—ื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ.

ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื”ื•ื โ€˜ืงื•ืฉืจ ื•ื’ื•ื–ืโ€™ ืืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืื™ืžื•, ืœืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื• ื•ื”ืชื‘ืจื’ื•ืชื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช. ื•ื–ืืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื—ืœื™ืœื” ืœื ื™ืฆืžื— ืžืžื ื• ืื—ื“ ืฉื™ื ืกื” ืœื–ืขื–ืข ืืช ืื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืงื™ื™ื.

ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื ืคืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืคื ื™ื ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื”, ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื” ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ. ื”ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืœื ืชืฉื ื” ืืช ืžื”ื•ืชื• ื•ื™ืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“, ืืš ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ื•ืืฃ ืœืขื•ื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืคืŸ ื•ืžื™ื“ืช ืฆืžื™ื—ืชื•.

ื’ื ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื”ื•ืœืžื™ื ืืช ืฆืžื™ื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืžื—. ืžืฉื”ื—ืœ ืœืฆืžื•ื—, ื™ืฉืชื“ืœ ื”ื’ื ืŸ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš, ืืœื ืœืกื™ื™ืข, ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ื•ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื›ืœ ืฆืจื›ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืžื—, ื›ืš ืฉื”ืจืš ื”ืฆื•ืžื— ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื’ืœื•ื ื‘ื•. ื›ื™ ืจืง ื”ื’ืคืŸ โ€˜ื™ื•ื“ืขืชโ€™ ืื™ืš ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžืขืฆืžื” ืขื ื‘ื™ื ืขืกื™ืกื™ื™ื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืœืžื“ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื“ื•ืŸ.

ื•ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืื ืจื›ื™ื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช. ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื”.

ื•ื›ืืŸ ืื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™, ื–ื” ืฉื“ื•ืื’ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื•, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœื™ื• ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขื“ ื›ื”.

ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืืžื•ืจ ืœืจืกืŸ ืืช ื”ืื’ื•, ืฉืœื ื™ืฉืชื•ืœืœ, ืฉืœื ื™ื—ื‘ืœ ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื ืคืฉื™ ื”ืฆื•ืžื—. ื”ื“ื—ืคื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื ื›ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืœื ืชื—ืชื™ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื’ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื’: โ€œื‘ืขืœ ื–ื‘ื•ื‘โ€, ื“ื—ืคื™ ืื’ื• ืฉืื ืœื ื™ืกืžื ื• ืœื• ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื โ€“ ื™ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœ.

ืืš ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืžืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื—ืงื” (ื”ืกืชืจื”, ื‘ืขืฆื) ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ื“ื—ืคื™ ืื’ื• ื—ืกืจื™ ืจืกืŸ. ื”ื”ื“ื—ืงื” ืžืฉืžืจืช ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื˜ืžื ืชื ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืคื ื™ื (ืฉื ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ืชืขืฆื), ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืฉื™ืžืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืชื•ื—ืžืช ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ื” ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœื”ื. ืืš ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช? ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ืœื•ืฃ ืื• ืื™ืžื•ืŸ (ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช ืžื”ืชื ื™ื” ื•ืงื•ื ืคื•ืจืžื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช), ื”ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžืชื•ืืจ ืœื”ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ืกื ื˜ ืืงื–ื•ืคืจื™: โ€œื”ื ืกื™ืš ื”ืงื˜ืŸโ€, โ€“ ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืขืœ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืกื™ืš ื”ืงื˜ืŸ,ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืฉื•ืขืœ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื— ื”ืื™ืžื•ืŸ.

ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืืžื ื™ื ื›ืœื‘, ื›ืš ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ืืœ ื”ืจืžื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœื•.

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โ€œื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื‘ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจืช ืชื—ืช ืฆื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืชโ€

ื”ื ืจื™ ืื“ืžืก 1918- 1838

โ€œื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืžืจื™ืฅ ื”ืื“ื ื“ืจืš ื’ืจื•ื ื• ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืงื“ื•ืžื™ืโ€

ืงื•ื ื• ืคื™ืฉืจ

โ€œืจื•ืฆื” ืืช, ืื‘ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื ืฉื‘ืฆืš ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ? ืชื ื™ ืืคื•ื ื•ื ืกืชืช ืื•ืชืš ื‘ื”ืชืืโ€.

ืจื™ืงืจื˜

1.    

3. ืžืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”:

1. ื”ื—ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ื•ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ืช

ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืื“ื ื›ืืœ: โ€˜ื—ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืชโ€™. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืžืฉื ื™ ื˜ืขืžื™ื: ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ืื“ื ืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื”, ื•ืฉื ื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ืื•ืคื™ื• ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™.

ืžืชืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื”: ื—ื™ื”, ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื™ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช, ืœื‘ืงืจื” ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืžื™ืœื”: ื™ืฉื•ืช. ื•ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื”: ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืขืžื” ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืžืžื“ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ื•ืœื ืœืžืžื“ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื ื™, ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ื”ืขื“ืจื™. ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืคื” ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืžื™ืœื”: ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™. ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื ืงื‘ืœ: โ€˜ื™ืฉื•ืช ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ืชโ€™.

ื”ืคืขืจ ื”ืขืจื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ โ€˜ื”ื—ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืชโ€™ ื•โ€™ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ืชโ€™ ื”ื™ื ื• ืžื“ืจื•ืŸ ืชืœื•ืœ, ื›ืฉโ€™ื”ื—ื™ื”โ€™ ืžื•ื ื—ืช ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•โ€™ื”ื™ืฉื•ืชโ€™ ื‘ืจืืฉื•. ื”ื“ืจืš ืžืŸ ื”ืชื—ืชื™ืช ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื”ืจ, ื”ื•ื ืžืกืข ื›ื ื’ื“ ื–ืจื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™, ื”ื–ื•ืจื ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื˜ื”, ื›ืœืคื™ ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ืื“ื ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ืžื›ืื ื™ืกื˜ื™, ื—ื•ืžืจื™: ื›ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™, ืœืื•ืžื™, ื›ืœื›ืœื™ โ€“ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช: โ€˜ื—ื‘ืจืชื™โ€™. ืชืคื™ืฉื•ืช ืืœื• ืžืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื—ืง ืžื˜ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืชืคื™ืฉื” ื”ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืื“ื โ€˜ื™ืฉื•ืช ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืชื•ื“ืขื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช.

ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžืžืœืื™ื ื•ื”ืชื“ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื• ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืื ื˜ื™ืชื–ื” ืœื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™, ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ ื‘ืื“ื. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืชื ื• ืขืชื™ืจืช ืืžืฆืขื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื (ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง, ืื™ื ืกื˜ื’ืจื, ื•ื•ืื˜ืกืืค, ื–ื•ื, ืกืžืืจื˜ืคื•ื ื™ื, ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“) โ€“ ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืงืฆื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื›ืคืจ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™, ืฉื”ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ื™ื•ื“ืข ื”ื›ืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื›ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœื•ื ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื–ื• ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื˜ื”, ืžื•ื—ืฆื ืช, ื—ื“-ืžื™ืžื“ื™ืช, ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื“ื’ืžื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื ื“ื•ืฉื™ื, ื ื˜ื•ืœื™ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ืขืจื›ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื. ื›ืืŸ ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื”ื›ืœืœ: โ€˜ื”ื›ืœ ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ืœืโ€™, ื›ื•ืœื ืœื›ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืคืก ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ โ€˜ื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืชโ€™ ืฉืขืœ ื“ื’ืœืŸ ื—ืจื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื•ืช, ื”ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช, ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉื ื•ืช, ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช (ืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ื“ ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืื—ืจื™ื, ืฉืžื ื”ืฉื™ื’ื• ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžื™ืจื•ืฅ ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื).

ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืืœ ื”ืื“ื (ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื) ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช, ืžื›ืื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช-ื—ื•ืžืจื™ืช. ื”ืžืžื“ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื—ื™ ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืช ื”ืžืžื•ืกื“ืช ืื• ื‘ื’ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ื ืื• ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื. ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช , ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ืžืฉืงื™ืขื ื™ื, ื”ื—ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืืคืชื ื™ื โ€“ ืžืื›ืœืกื™ื ืืช ืกืคืกืœื™ ื”ืžื’ืžื” ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ืช. ืคืจื•ืคโ€™ ืฉืœืžื” ื’ื™ื•ืจื ืฉื•ื”ื ืงื•ืจื ืœื–ื”: โ€œื“ืขื™ื›ืช ื”ืจื•ื—โ€.

ืื“ื ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžื•ืฆืœื— ืœื ื™ืœืš ืœื—ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ืกืคืกืœื™ ื”ื—ื•ื’ ืœืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”. ืืš ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”? ื”ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื ืคืฉ ืฉื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื‘ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจื” ื•ื›ื‘ื•ื“? ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ื™ื ื• ืงื•ืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™, ืืš ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื“ื™ ืขืฉื™ื• ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ ื•ื”ืจื™ืืœื™.

ืชื”ื•ื ืคืขื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืคื™ืฉืช ื”ืื“ื ื“ืจืš ืžื” ืฉื’ืœื•ื™ ื•ืžื“ื™ื“ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืคื™ืฉืชื• ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืกืžื•ื™, ืขืœื•ื ื•ื ืกืชืจ. ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืคืจื™ื—ื” ื•ื”ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ื”ืžืชืžืฉืš ืฉืœ ื™ื“ืข ื‘โ€˜ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉโ€™ (ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ืช, ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ื™ื“ืข ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™), ื’ื ืฉื ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชืชืฃ ื›โ€™ื—ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืชโ€™ ื•ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื”ืงื•ืšืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืื™ื ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœื ื™ื™ื ื•ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืžื•ืกื“ืช.

ื•ื›ืš, ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ืช ื•ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืงื™ื™ื โ€“ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ืžืฆื˜ืžืงืช ืžื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ื, ืžืฉื ื” ืœืฉื ื”.

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โ€œื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื•ืขืฉืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืœืœื ื ืฉืžื”, ื—ื•ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืœืœื ืœื‘, ื•ืืคืกื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื“ืžื” ื‘ื ืคืฉื” ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืจืžื” ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืœื ื”ื•ืฉื’ื” ืœืคื ื™-ื›ืŸ ืžืขื•ืœืโ€

ืžืงืก ื•ื‘ืจ 1920-1864

2. ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื—ื•ืœื”

ื”ืžื•ื ื—: โ€˜ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืชโ€™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืจื•ื‘ ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืžื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช. ืืš ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื’ื ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ืคื•ื›ื”, ืฉื’ื ืื•ืชื” ื”ื•ืœื ื”ืชื•ืืจ: โ€˜ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืชโ€™. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืกื•ื˜ื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื”ืคื•ืš ืœื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืกื•ื˜ื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช. ืชื•ืคืขื” ื–ื• ืชื•ืงืคืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ื›ืชื•ืช; ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชืœื˜ืช ืขืœ ืขื ื–ื” ืื• ืื—ืจ, ื›ืžื• ืขืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืืš ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื—ืœื—ืœืช ื•ืžืจืขื™ืœื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœืžื”, ื”ื ืจืื™ืช ื•ืžืชื ื”ื’ืช ื›ืฉืคื•ื™ื”, ืืš ืกื˜ืชื” ื–ื” ืžื›ื‘ืจ ืžืฆืคื ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื.

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ืจืื™ืช ื•ืžืชื ื”ื’ืช ื—ื‘ืจื” ื›ื–ื•? ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื“ืข ืฉื—ืœืชื”? ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื: ืงื™ื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™-ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง (ืžื™ืกื™ื, ื”ื‘ืจื—ื”, ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ืœื‘ืŸ, ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืชื ื•ืขื”, ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™ืช, ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ืขื•ื“), ื”ืชืขืฆืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ, ืžืชื—ื™ื, ืœื—ืฆื™ื, ื—ืจื“ื•ืช ื•ืฉื—ื™ืงื”, ื”ืชืขืฆืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืงืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช, ื”ืชืขืฆืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœืื“ื, ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช (ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ืืงืœื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”) ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื ืคืฉื™, ื”ื”ื•ืžื ื™ ื•ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™, ื”ืชืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ื”ืžื›ืื ื™, ื˜ื›ื ื™ โ€“ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื•ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื•ืœื ืœื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ืœืืžืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช, ื”ืขืžืงืช ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืœื—ืœืฉื™ื, ืจืžื™ืกืช ื”ืขื“ื™ืŸ, ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื•ื”ืคื’ื™ืข, ื”ืชืขืฆืžื•ืช (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”) ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื’ื ื•ืช, ื”ืกื™ืขืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ืกื•ื™ ื•ื”ื”ืกืชื” ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ื“ืขืชื ื•, ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœื’ื™ืฉื•ืจ. ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ื ืขืœื ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื. ื•ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“, ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื”, ื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื•ื”ื”ื™ื“ื‘ืจื•ืช โ€“ ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืœื›ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืคื™ื•ืช.

ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืฉืกื˜ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื ืชืชื’ืœื”. ืขืœ-ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžืืžืฆืช ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ื›ื ื•ืจืžื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ โ€˜ืžื•ืคืœืโ€™ ื”ื ืงืจื: ืงื•ื ืคื•ืจืžื™ื•ืช, ืœื—ืฅ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ ืื• ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช.

Gli uomini pensano come greggi, il global warming e il groupthink

ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื—ื‘ืจื” ืกื•ื˜ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ , ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžืขืฆื™ืžื” ืืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ ืื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™. ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืœื—ืฅ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืฉืคืœื•ื ื™ ื™ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืงื• ืงืฆืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืงื• ืืจื•ืš (ื”ื ืกื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืกืœื•ืžื•ืŸ ืืฉ ืขืœ ืงื•ื ืคื•ืจืžื™ื•ืช), ืฉื”ืžืœืš ืœื‘ื•ืฉ (ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ื“ืจืกืŸ), ืฉื ืืฆื™ื–ื ื”ื™ื ื• ืชื•ืคืขื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ (ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื”ื•ืขืœืชื” ื‘ืกืจื˜: ื”ื ื—ืฉื•ืœ). ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื’ื“ืœื” ืกื˜ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” , ื›ืš ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื”ืงื•ื ืคื•ืจืžื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. 

ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื›ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืคื•ืจืžื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” โ€˜ืกื•ื›ื ื™ ื—ืจืฉโ€™: ื”ื‘ืขืจื•ืช, ื”ืคื—ื“ ื•ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช:

ื.ื”ื‘ืขืจื•ืช: ืžืžื•ืฉื˜ืจืช ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืœื” ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื (ืžื•ืจื™ื, ืžื—ื ื›ื™ื, ืžื ื”ืœื™ ื‘ืชื™-ืกืคืจ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”) ืฉืชืคืงื™ื“ื (ื”ื-ืคื•ืจืžืœื™) ื”ื•ื ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขืจื•ืชื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืคืฆื” ืฉืœ ื™ื“ืข ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื›ืœ-ื ืคืฉ, ืฉืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืชื• ื•ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืชื• ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ืจืžืชื• ื”ืขืจื›ื™ืช ื•ืืช ืžืฉืงืœื• ื”ืกื’ื•ืœื™; ื™ื“ืข ืฉืื™ื ื• ืงืฉื•ืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืคืจื˜ ื•ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉืžืชืŸ, ืืœื ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ืจื“ื•ื“ื” ื•ืžื›ื ื™ืช (ื•ืœื ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช ื•ืกื™ื‘ืชื™ืช) ืฉืœ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื•ืžืฆื‘ื™ื; ื–ื”ื• ื™ื“ืข ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืคืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข, ื”ืžื“ื™ื“ ื•ื”ื’ืœื•ื™, ืžืืฉืจ ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืืงืกื™ืกื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฆื ืงื™ื•ืžื.

ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื‘ื–ื•ืœ, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื•ื‘ืจื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื ืชืงืฉื” ืขืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืงืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื“ืจื›ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชื•ืงืงื™ื ืœื™ื“ืข ื•ื—ื•ื›ืžื”, ื”ื™ื“ืข โ€˜ืžืขื ื˜ื–โ€™, โ€˜ืขื•ืฉื” ืขื™ื ื™ื™ืโ€™ ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืคืชื” ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช: ื”ืื—ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื•ื”ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ ืฉืœ ืชืขื•ื“ื” ื•ืชื•ืืจ, ืฉืฉื›ืจื” ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื‘ืกื•ืœื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™-ื›ืœื›ืœื™. ื”ืื—ืจืช, ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื™ื ื•ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ืœืงื”ืœ ื”ืจื—ื‘, ืฉืฉื›ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื–ืžืŸ ืคื ื•ื™ ื•ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ืื•ืคืงื™ื.

ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืชื— ืžื™ื ื™ ื•ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช, ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ืœื• ื‘ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ (ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ื’โ€™ื•ืจื’โ€™ ื‘ืจืืกื ืก: โ€œืœื ืื‘ืงืฉ ืืช ื™ื“ืšโ€) โ€“ ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ื™ื“ืข: ืžืจื•ื‘ ืฉื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื›ืœื•ื, ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืžืกืชื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืืžืชื™ ื•ื”ื ื“ื™ืจ. ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ื”ื ื‘ืชื™ ืื•ืœืคื ื” ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ื‘ืขืจื•ืช , ื›ื™ ืœื ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžืš, ืœื ืชื—, ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื, ืœื”ืกื™ืง ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืชื•ืš ื“ื‘ืจ, ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ืก ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื“ืข, ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื”, ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ืขืœื” ืชืื ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืขืจื•ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืจื•ืช, ื‘ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืื‘ืกื•ืจื“ ืฉื‘ื”ื.

ื›ืš ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื; ืœื”ืกื•ื•ืช ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืืžืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”, ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื; ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆืคื” ืฉืœ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื•ืฉื•ืืœ.

ื‘. ื”ืคื—ื“: ื›ื•ืœื ืคื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืžื›ื•ืœื ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืคื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ, ืคื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืข, ืคื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืžื“ื—ื™ื™ื” ืžืœื ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืื”ื‘ื™ื, ืคื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืžื ื™ื“ื•ื™ ื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืฉื”, ืคื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืžืจื™ืงื ื•ืช, ืžื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช. ื”ืคื—ื“ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืจืง ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื ื“ื ื“ื” ื“ื•-ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ืช, ื›ืฉืงื•ื˜ื‘ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ: ืชื•ืืจ, ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช, ื“ื™ืจื” ืžืฉืœืš, ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ืžืงืจืจ ืžืœื, ื–ืžื ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื, ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื, ืฉื’ืจื” ื•ืžื•ื ื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ืื ื• ืžืชืจื•ืฆืฆื™ื ื‘ื‘ื”ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืคื—ื“ ืœืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื’ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืคื—ื“ ื•ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืžืœื‘ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” (ื“ืจืš ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื™ื”), ื›ืš ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืžื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช, ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืฉืœื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™.

ื’.ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช: ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืžืขืฆื™ืžื” ื•ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ืืช ื”ืžื™ืจื•ืฅ ืื—ืจ: ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช,ืงืจื™ื™ืจื”, ืจื›ื•ืฉ, ืžืขืžื“, ื•ื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ื”ืฆืœื—ื” (ืžื™ ืฉื ื›ืฉืœ, ืœืžืฉืœ ื–ืžืจ ืฉื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืœื ื ืงืœื˜ื• ื ื–ืจืง ืœืฆื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื•ื ืฉื›ื—). ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืžืžืœื™ื›ื” ืืช ื”ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ื–ื” ืœืžืคื’ืจื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจ, ืœืžืคืกื™ื“ื ื™ื. 

ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช: ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืžื ื•ื”ืœืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื—ื“, ื”ืคื—ื“ ื ืฉืœื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืขืจื•ืช. ื”ืคื—ื“ ืžื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ืฉืœ: โ€˜ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืื ืคืœื•ื ื™ ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื™ ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืขืœื™โ€™? ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ โ€˜ืžื” ืขืœื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ืื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ืงืจื”?โ€™

 ื‘ืขืจื•ืช ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื›ืœ, ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืื“ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืžืชื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืืžืชื™ืช โ€“ ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช, ื–ื• ืฉืžื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืกื™ืกืžืื•ืช ื ื“ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื’ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ ื›ืœ.

 ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืœืื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ: ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ, ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื•ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื— ื‘ื—ืœืงื• โ€“ ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืžืชืขืฆืžืช ื•ืžื—ืจื™ืคื”.

ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกืคืจื™ ืžื“ืข ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™, ืงื•ืกื™ื, ืกื“ื ืื•ืช, ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช, ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขืจื•ืช ืžืชืขืฆืžืช.

ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืชื ืื™ื ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื ื›ื” ืžืฉื•ืคืจื™ื ื•ืจื‘ื™ื, ืขื–ืจื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืขื–ืจื” ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืคื—ื“ ืฉื•ืจืจ, ื›ื™ ืžืชื—ืช ืœื”ืขืžื“ืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ืฉื•ืจืจื™ื: ื”ืคื—ื“, ื”ื‘ืขืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช (ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื ื•ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืืคืชื ื•ืช).

ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื: ืื ื”ืžื—ืœื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืชื•ืืจื” ื›ืืŸ, ื ื‘ืขื” ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื–ื™ื”ืžื” ืืช ื”ื™ื—ื“, ื”ื”ื‘ืจืื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื‘ื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ืœื—ืœื—ืœ ืœื—ื‘ืจื”, ืœืžืฉืœ:

ยท        ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืžื™ื“ ืงืฉื•ื‘ ืœืงื•ืœืš ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™.

ยท        ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื“ืขืช, ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื ืชื•ืŸ ืžื™ ืืชื”, ืžื” ืžืฆื‘ืš ื”ื ืคืฉื™, ืœืืŸ ืืชื” ื”ื•ืœืš, ืžื” ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืžื—ื™ื™ืš? 

ยท        ืœืฆืขื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช, ืฉืžื‘ืŸืกืกืช ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื•ืงื‘ืœื” ืžืœืื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœืฉื•ืชื™ื ื•.

ยท        ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื•ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื” ื›ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื.

ยท        ืœื ืฉื•ื ืขืžื•ืง ืžืžื” ืฉื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืžืš.

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โ€œืœื ื”ืกื›ื™ื–ื•ืคืจื ื™ื”, ืืœื ื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืกื•ืขื” ื‘ืจื•ื—ื”. ื”ืกื›ื™ื–ื•ืคืจื ื™ื” ืจืง ืžืชืคื•ืจืจื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ืคื™ื. ื”ืกื›ื™ื–ื•ืคืจื ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื”ืืžืช,.

ื ื•ืจืžืŸ ืโ€™ ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ, ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ

3. ืฉื‘ืข ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช

1.ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”

ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืงืœื™ืคื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื”, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื™ื™ืคื•ื™ ื•ืžื™ืจื•ืง ืฉืœ ื—ืœื•ืŸ-ื”ืจืื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช.

2.ืชืจื‘ื•ืช

ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™, ืชืจื‘ื™ืช. ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื›ื™ื ื™ื ืชืจื‘ื™ืช? ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•, ื•ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืชื—ื•ืœืœื™ื ื‘ื•, ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžืขืœ ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ ืžืขื™ืŸ ืงืจื•ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื”ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ืืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ ื›ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื•ืœืงื™ื•ื. 

ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืงื•ืจื ืช ื”ืื•ืคืคืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื”: ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื•ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ื”ื‘ืื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื•ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ: ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ื”ื”ืขืžืงื”, ื”ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ โ€“ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ ื›ืคืจื˜.

3.ื—ื‘ืจื”

ื”ืชืงื‘ืฆื•ืช ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉื•ื ืžืจื›ื–-ื›ื•ื‘ื“ ืงื‘ื•ืข, ื•ื”ื ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื”ืžื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืชืืคื™ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ืงื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืชื.

4.ืงื•ื ืคื•ืจืžื™ื•ืช

ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืžื™ื™ืฉืจ ืงื• ืขื ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืื• ืžื•ืกื›ืžื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืคื—ื“ ืžืคื ื™ ื“ืขืช ืงื”ืœ.

5.ืื–ืจื—

ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื›ื‘ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืขืœ ืฉื•ื ืฉืžื™ืœื ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื• ืœืื™ืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ื—ื™ื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.

6.ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืืœื™ืช

ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืจ-ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืชืจื ื•ืชื•ืจื ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืื• ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ (ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื) ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื ื”ืคืš ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ื•ื™ืขื™ืœ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื. ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื”, ืžืขื ื™ืง ืœื• ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ื— ื•ืžืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืžืคื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืจื•ืฅ ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื.

7.ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ

ืžืคืœืฆืช ืฉื“ืขืชื” ื•ืฉืคื™ื˜ืชื” ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืืช ื’ื•ืจืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืขืจื›ื™ื” ื•ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” ืžืชืžื“ืช ื•ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช. ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื—ืกืจ ืชืžื™ื“ ืคืจืฆื•ืฃ ื•ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“, ืืš ื”ื•ื ืžืคื•ืฆืœ ื•ืจื‘-ืจืืฉื™ื, ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื ืœื—ืžื™ื ื•ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื” ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืชืคืฉ ื•ืžื•ืฆื’ ื›ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืชืคื™ืฉืช-ืขื•ืœื ืฉื•ื ื”, ืืš ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื“ืงื™ืง ื•ืฉืงื•ืฃ, ื“ืจื›ื• ืžืฆื™ืฆื” ืขืจื•ื•ืช โ€˜ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืืœื™ืช ื”ื–ืงื•ืจื”โ€™; ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ื”ืฉืื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ืื—ื“ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืจืืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื›ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™. 

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โ€œื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื ืฉืฃ-ืžืกื›ื•ืช, ืฉื›ืœ ืื“ื ืžืกืชื™ืจ ื‘ื• ืืช ืื•ืคื™ื•, ื•ื”ืกืชืจืชื• ืชืกื’ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื•โ€

ืจ. ื•. ืืžืจืกื•ืŸ 1882-1803

ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ื”ืื—ืช ื•ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”

ืžืคืขื ืœืคืขื ืžืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ื“ื™ืœืžื”, ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ, ื•ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžืชื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืื—ืช, ื‘ื–ื• ืฉื ืจืื™ืช ืœื ื• ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื• ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™(ื”ืื ืชื”ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช? ืื™ืš ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื“ืขืช ืžืจืืฉ ืฉื‘ื—ืจืชื™ ื ื›ื•ืŸ?) ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืื”ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืจื•ื‘ื ื•, ื•ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื ื ืกื” ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืžื ื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจ. 

ืืจื™ืš ืคืจื•ื ื‘ืกื™ืคืจื•: โ€œืžื ื•ืก ืžื—ื•ืคืฉโ€ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื•ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื•ืฉืคืขื” ืœืจืขื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืžืืฉืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”. ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ, ืœืคื™ ืคืจื•ื, ืžื˜ื™ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื” ืžื“ื™. ืคืจื•ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืขืœื™ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ื•ืฉืœ ื”ื ืืฆื™ื–ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืฉื ืื• ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช (ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื•ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ืจื— ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™) ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื• ืืช ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชืขืžืชื•ืช ืขื ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ.

ื’ื ืื ื•, ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื ืžืœื˜ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื•ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ื•ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืžืืชื ื•. ื•ืื– ืื ื•: ื ืืœืฆื™ื, ื ืกื—ื˜ื™ื, ื ืื ืกื™ื โ€“ ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ืœื ืžืชื•ืš ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช, ืืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืื™ืœื•ืฅ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™. ืื›ืŸ, ืื ืฉื™ื ืื™ื ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ืขื ืคืœื•ื ื™ ืื• ืืœืžื•ื ื™ืช, ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื–ื” ืื• ืื—ืจ, ืœืงืฉื•ืจ ืงืฉืจื™ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื–ื” ืื• ืขื ื–ืืช: ืฉื›ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื: ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ.

ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืคื—ื“ ื”ืฆื•ื ื— ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ, ืคื—ื“ ื”ื“ื•ื—ืฃ ืื•ืชื ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ืฉืชืžื˜ ืžื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื›ืœืœื•. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ. ืžื™ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื‘ืืžืช? ื”ืจื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื’ื•ื™ืกื™ื, ืžืฉื•ื—ื“ื™ื, ืžืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื; ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืฆื“ ื–ื” ืื• ืœืฆื“ ืื—ืจ, ื—ืœืฉื™ื ืื• ื—ื–ืงื™ื, ืคื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืื• ืžืขื™ื–ื™ื, ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื ืื• ืืžื•ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื, ืžื•ื—ืฆื ื™ื ืื• ืžื•ืคื ืžื™ื, ืกื’ื•ืจื™ื ืื• ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื, ืฉืžืจื ื™ื ืื• ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื. ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืงื•ื˜ืœื’ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืชื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืฉืžื ื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื• ืื• ืฉื”ื ื—ื ื• ืœืื—ืจื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื•. ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืžื•ื“ืจื™ื, ื•ื›ืœื•ืื™ื ื‘ืชืื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื”ื ื›ืœืื ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืื• ื”ื ื—ื ื• ืœืื—ืจื™ื ืœื›ืœื•ื ืื•ืชื ื•. ื•ื›ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืขืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ, ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืฉื•ื—ื“ืช, ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช โ€“ ืื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื˜ื•ืœื™ ื—ื•ืคืฉ, ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•, ืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขื•: ืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœโ€™ื”ื•ืจื”โ€™ ืื• ืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœโ€™ื™ืœื“โ€™, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืจืง โ€˜ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจโ€™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ (ืžื•ื“ืœ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืขื™ืกืงืื•ืช T.A.).

ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ืืžืชื™ืช ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชื•ื•ืš ื”ืืคื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืข, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช, ืชื•ื•ืš ืฉืจืง ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืืžืช, ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื›ื ื™ืขื” ืœืจื•ื“ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืื•ื–ืŸ ื‘ื ื•. ื”ืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ื ืฉืœื˜ ืชืžื™ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื’ืฉ ื”ืื™ื ืคื ื˜ื™ืœื™ (ื”ื›ื•ืขืก, ื”ื ืขืœื‘, ื”ืขื•ืœืฅ, ืื• ื”ืžื“ื•ื›ื), ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื‘ื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” (ืฉื”ื•ื โ€˜ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจโ€™ ืฉื‘ื ื•). ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช. ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉืžืืœ ื ื‘ื—ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ืืžื•ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืคื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื˜ืจืœื™. ืืช ื›ืฃ ื”ืžืื–ื ื™ื™ื ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ ืื• ืœืฉืžืืœ, ืžื˜ื” ื‘ืขืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžืก ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ ื‘ื• ืžืฆื•ื™ ื”ืขื ื‘ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ. ื•ื›ืš, ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื ืœืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœืืคื ื•, ืืš ื›ื” ืืงื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ืœืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื• โ€“ ืื ื• ื ื“ื—ืคื™ื ื™ืžื™ื ื” ืื• ืฉืžืืœื”, ื•ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ืื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืื—ื“ ื ืœื—ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืง ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ืื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืื—ืจ, ื•ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ืงืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื ืขืฉื• ืœืžืขืฉื”. ื›ืœ ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจ (ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื›ื•ื“ ื‘ื”) ื’ืจื•ืขื” ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื• ืขืฆืžื•.

ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ืื ื•ืฉ: ืื“ื ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ ื‘ืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ (ื”ืžื™ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืžืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—) ืžืืฉื™ื ืืช ืจืขื”ื• ื”ืœื›ื•ื“ ื‘ืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืืžื•ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ (ื”ืžื™ืกืคื™ืจื” ื™ืžื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—) โ€“ ื›ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื• ื”ื™ื ื” ื—ืกืจืช ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ืช. ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžืืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœื™ื ืืจื™ืช, ื—ืกืจืช ื”ืฉืจืื” ื•ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ.

ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื• โ€“ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉื‘ื™ื ืคื—ื“ื™ื ื• ืœืชืขื•ื–ืชื ื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื’ืฉื™ ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืจื’ืฉื™ ื ื—ื™ืชื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื“ื—ื™ื™ื”, ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ืฉื ืื”.

ืฉื ื™ ื”ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื, ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื, ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื, ืืš ืจืง ื”ืกื™ื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืื–ื ืช ื•ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืืžืชื™ืช. ื•ืœืœื ืกื™ื ืจื’ื™ื” ื–ื•, ื ื™ื˜ืฉืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ืชืžื™ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืคื™ืœื” ืช ื”ื—ืœืœื™ื: ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.

*

โ€œื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื•, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืื•ืžื”โ€.

ืค. ื“. ืื•ืกืคื ืกืงื™, ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, ืขืžโ€™ 54

โ€œื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ื ื• ื”ืŸ ืืฉืœื™ื•ืชื™ื ื•, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื”ืืฉืœื™ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื. ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ืžื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ื›ื™ ืื ื• ื‘ื ื™-ื—ื•ืจื™ืŸ ื•ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืคื™ ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื”โ€.

ืฉื. ืขืžโ€™ 60

ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื (ืื• ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจ)

 ื”ืคืกื ืชืจืŸ ืืจืชื•ืจ ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืจ โ€œืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืœืžื“ืชื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืœื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜: ื ื™ื’ื ืชื™ ื‘ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ื•ืžื–ื” ืœืžื“ืชื™โ€. ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืคื•ืš: ืื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“, ื•ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื ืžื‘ื•ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขื™ืงืจ. ืื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืกื‘ื™ืจ. ืืš ื”ืื•ืžื ื ื›ืš ื”ื•ื? ื”ืื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืงืžื—? ืื• ื”ืื ื”ืงืžื— ื”ื•ื ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”? ื›ืœื•ืžืจ: ื”ืื ืื“ื ืžืกื™ื™ื ื™ื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื—ืจื™ื• ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื•ื•ื— ื•ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื™ื“ืข ื•ื—ื•ื›ืžื”? ืื• ืฉืžื ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ื•ื ืชื ืื™ ื‘ืจืจื ื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ื” ืฉืชื™ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื?                                          

ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื: ืžื”ื• ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉื—ื‘ืจื” ื–ื• ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืœืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืœืงื ื™ื™ืช ื—ื•ื›ืžื”(ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืขืจืš ื“ื” ืคืงื˜ื•, ื•ืœื ื“ื”-ื™ื•ืจื”). ื”ืื ื–ื” ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืŸ-ื’ื™ืžืœ, ืฉื•ืžืจ ืกืฃ, ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื”, ืฉืชืคืงื™ื“ื ืœืกื ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฅ ืžืŸ ื”ืชื‘ืŸ? ื›ืœื•ืžืจ: ื”ื ื‘ื—ื ืช ืขืจื›ื™ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื“ืข ื•ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœืกื ืŸ ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”? ืื• ืฉืžื ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืจืš ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื, ืฉื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืื“ื ืืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื•ืขื™ืžื ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืœื”ื—ื›ื™ื ื‘ืฉืงื˜ ื•ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”?

 ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•, ืžืชืขื•ื•ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื ื™ืช ื‘ืช-ื™ืžื™ื ื•. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืœื—ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืžืกื ื ืช ื‘ืงืจื” ื•ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืชืืžื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืจืžื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื•ืชืŸ ื™ืคื’ืฉื• ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš.                                                                                               

ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื–ื•ืจื” ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื ื•, ืฉื›ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœืกืคื•ื’ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื–ื“ืงืง ืœื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•. ืื™ื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืฉื ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ื•ืื ื™ ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข ืฉื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื” ื•ืœื ืœื”ื™ืคืš. ืžื” ืฉืžื›ืชื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืจื‘ ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™: ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื ื•ืœื“ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืกื™ื ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืžืกื ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื ื™ืช. 

ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื™ื ื ื›ื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ื™ื, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘, ื™ืฉ ืœืœืžื•ื“: ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืœื ื”ื•ื’, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœืžื•ื“. ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ืœืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ื”ื ืงืจื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื•ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™, ื˜ื›ื ื™ โ€“ ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ืœื”ืงื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื•ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™-ืชืคืขื•ืœื™. ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืœืฉื ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื, ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช. ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื ืงืจื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ.

 ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ื›ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืœื™ื”. ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื” โ€œื ื–ืจืง ืœืžื™ืโ€ ื•ืœื•ืžื“ ืœืฉื—ื•ืช ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉ-ืฉื˜ื— ืžื•ืžื—ื”. ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžืงื“ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชืคืงื•ื“, ืื™ื ื• ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ ื•ืื™ื ื• ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช. ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืœืชืคืงื•ื“, ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืช-ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช, ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—, ื”ืžื ืกื” ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืืœ ื’ืœืขื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ืืžืช ื ืกืชืจืช. 

ื”ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื›ื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื‘ืขืœ ืจืžื” ื”ืžืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื•ื™ื•ืฆื ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื•ื ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ ื•ืžืขืœื”. โ€œืžื™ืœื ืืช ื›ืจืกื• ืชื•ืจื”โ€ โ€“ ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ื•ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœืื“ื ืฉืœืžื“ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช. ืื›ืŸ, ืจื‘ ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ (ืฆื‘ื™ืจืช ื™ื“ืข) ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืื›ื™ืœื”. ืืš ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืจื ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืื›ื™ืœื” ื“ืฉื ื” ื‘ื˜ืจื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช: ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืคืจื™ืข ื”ื’ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉื ืฆื‘ืจ -ืœืชืคืงื•ื“ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื ื™ืขื•ืจืจ ื—ืฉืง ืœืขื‘ื•ื“, ืืš ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื—ืฉืง ืœืื›ื•ืœ. ื›ืš ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”: ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ืช ืขื ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืชื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืžื•ืจืขื‘ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช. ื›ื›ื•ืœ ืฉื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืชื—ื›ืš ืขื ืงื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื›ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉื™ืจืฆื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื•ืžื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขื“? 

ืฉืœื™ื—ืช ื ืขืจื•ืช ื•ื ืขืจื™ื ืœื ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืžืื’ืจื™ ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื›ืžื•ื” ื›ื”ืื‘ืกืช ืืชืœื˜ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ื™ืœืš ืœื”ืชืขืžืœ. ื”ื–ืขืงื” ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ื ื’ื“ ืชื•ืคืขื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื, ืฉืขื“ ืฉื™ื’ืžืจื• ืืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื, ื™ื”ื™ื• โ€œื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื“ื™โ€ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืโ€ฆ

ื•ืขื•ื“: ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืœืœื ื‘ืฉืœื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ืช ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื• ืขืงืจ. ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื ืง, ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืืœื” ื”ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืขื ืงืฉื™ื™ ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื•ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ื™ื, ื•ืœื ืขื•ื ืฉ ืœืืœื” ื”ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ืช, ืืš ื ืืœืฆื™ื (ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื”) ืœืฉืขื‘ื“ ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื ืฉืžื” ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืœืฆื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ื“ืข ื—ืกืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช (ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ื—ืกืจ ื ืฉืžื” ื•ื—ื™ื™ื). ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ืžื“ื™ ื”ืžืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื“ื™ื›ื•ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืฉื™ื™ื”, ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”. ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืฉืื™ืœืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื“-ืžืฉืžืขื™ื•ืช, ื•ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืื™ืชืŸ โ€“ ื™ืฉ ืœืœืžื•ื“. ื•ืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืื™ื ืš ื™ื•ื“ืขโ€ฆ..

ื•ื–ื• ื”ืชืžืฆื™ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืงืงืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจ

*


Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned in school.

Albert Einstein

I have no special talent. I am only passionately curious.

Albert Einstein

The only source of knowledge is experience.
Albert Einstein

The only thing that interferes with my learning is my education.

Albert Einstein ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก-ืงื•ื•

ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื โ€œืฉื™ื ื•ื™โ€, โ€œืงื™ื“ืžื”โ€, โ€œืฆืžื™ื—ื”โ€, ื•โ€ืฉื™ืคื•ืจโ€ ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืชื“ื™ืจ ืœืืคื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื, ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื, ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื. ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื• ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืžืขื›ื‘ ื•ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืชืžื™ื ื•ื ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ ืœื›ืื•ืจื”: โ€œืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก โ€“ืงื•ื•โ€.

ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก-ืงื•ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืขืจืš ื”ืงื™ื™ื, ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ ื•ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžืฉืชื ื” ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก-ืงื•ื• ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ื— ืžืฉืžืจ ื‘ืขืœ ื’ืจื‘ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” โ€“ ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืžื‘ืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืชื ืชืง ืžืžื•ืกืจื•ืชื™ื•. ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก-ืงื•ื• ื”ื™ื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื ืกืชืจืช, ื”ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช. ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื, ืืช ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ื”ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื, ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉืงืขื™ื ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช, ืืš ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืจื ืก ื•ืœื—ื–ืง โ€“ ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก-ืงื•ื•. ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืงื“ืžื” ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ื—ืœืœ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก-ืงื•ื•, ื•ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ื”ื”ืฉืชืคืจื•ืช ื ื‘ืœืขื•ืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ื• ื•ืœื ื ื•ื“ืข ื›ื™ ื‘ืื• ืืœ ืงืจื‘ื•.                                             

ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื—ื•ื’ื’ืช ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื”ืฉื•ืœืœ: ืงื“ืžื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื”ืžื“ืข, ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื•ืขื•ื“ โ€“ ื”ื›ืœ ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื›ืœ ื–ื–, ืžืชืงื“ื, ื ื•ืฉื, ื ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืช ื—ืกืจืช ื ืฉื™ืžื” โ€“ ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืขืชื™ื“โ€ฆ ืืš ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืจืขืฉ ื•ื”ืคืขืœืชื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื’ื’ืช ืฉืœ: ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืกื™ื, ื”ื”ืชื•ื•ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื, ื”ื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื• โ€“ ื”ื›ืœ ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืขืฆื ื›ืฉื”ื™ื”. ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ื–ื–, ืœื ืงื•ืจื” ืžืื•ืžื”, ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“.                                                                                 

ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ืื—ื™ื–ืช-ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”. ืฉื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ืืœื ืืฉืœื™ื”, ื”ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืกื•ื•ื” ืœืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก-ืงื•ื• ื”ืžืกืชืชืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื”, ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก-ืงื•ื• ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ืžืกื•ื•ื” ืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื ืกื™ื’ื” ื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื•. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื’ื ืื ื ื•ื“ื” ืฉื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉืชื ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื”ื•ืชื™, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ื’ืขื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืžืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ื™ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืœื” ื‘ื—ืฉืื™ ื”ืชืคื•ืจืจื•ืช ืื™ื˜ื™ืชโ€ฆ

ื›ืœ ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก-ืงื•ื• ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื“ืงื“ื ืฆื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื”.                                                

ื›ืืŸ, ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ืงืฉื” ื”ื–ืืช (ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ืžื’ืŸ-ื”ืขื“ืŸโ€ฆ) ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ื‘ื ืงืœ, ื•ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืชื•ืฆืื” ื–ืขื™ืจื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื–ื™ืขื” ืจื‘ื”. ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืจื‘ื”? ืœื“ืขืช ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื” โ€“ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœืœื ื›ืœ ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื”. ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื ื™ืฉื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงืฉื” ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“: ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื›ืœ ืฆืขื“ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืกืชืชืจื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืžื•ื˜ืขื™ื, ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” โ€“ ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช. ื›ืืŸ, ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ืงืฉื” ื”ื–ืืช, ื›ืœ ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžื•ืงืฃ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ืจื‘, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืœืฅ ื ื™ืฆื•ืฆื•ืช ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš โ€œืœื”ื–ื™ื–โ€ ื”ืจืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ. ื ืกื™ื’ื” ื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื‘ืžืืžืฅ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•: ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ (ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื™ืœื™); ื›ืœ ืฉืขืœื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืขืฆื•ืจโ€ฆ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืงโ€ฆ ืœื ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืžืืžืฅ ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืื•ื•ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ; ืœื›ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ืœื•ืข ืืช ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื’ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืœื›ืช ืื—ื•ืจื”; ืฆืจื™ืš ืจืง ืœืขืฆื•ืจ; ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืื˜ ืื• ืœื—ื“ื•ืœ, ืžืกืคื™ืง ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ; ื•ื”ืขืฆื™ืจื”, ื‘ืžื•ืงื“ื ืื• ื‘ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืชืชืจื—ืฉ ืžืืœื™ื”. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืจืก ื•ืœื“ืงื“ื ืฆื™ื” ืžืžืฉื™ื™ื, ื›ืœ ืฉืื“ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ, ืœื”ืคืกื™ืงโ€ฆ

ืืš ืื™ืš ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ืืžืช? ืื™ืš ื ื—ืœืฆื™ื ืžืื—ื™ื–ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก-ืงื•ื• ื•ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื•ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชื•ืงืฃ ื•ืžืžืฉื•ืช? ืžื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืช ืืช ืžื ื•ืขื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ื•ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืื•ืชื• ืืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื›ื•ื—-ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื™ื, ืฉืœ ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžืฉืชื ื”?                                         

ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืขืฉื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื“ื™ืจื™ื, ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช, ืฉื‘ืขื–ืจืชืŸ ื—ื•ืœืœื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื”ืคื›ื•ืช, ืฆื‘ืจื• ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื, ื›ืชื‘ื• ืกืคืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช. ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืœื”ื ื›ื•ื—ื? 

ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ืขืฆืžื™, ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ื›ื•ื— ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืื’ื•, ืืš ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช, ืขื ื›ื•ื— ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ. ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืขื“ ืœืžื˜ื—ื•ื•ื™ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ืื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืจื’ืœ, ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืžืฉื ื ื•ืฆืจ ืœื•ืค ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘: ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก ืงื•ื•. ื•ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื—ืœืฅ ืžื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก ืงื•ื• ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœื›ื•ื— ื—ื–ืง ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื“ืœื”, ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช โ€“ ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ืจื ื—ืฉืžืœ, ืžืงื•ืจ ื›ื•ื— ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™.           

  ืืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ื›ืืŸ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”: ืžื”ื• ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืœื–. ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื”ืชืขื›ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื”, ืกื•ืงืจื˜ืก ืœื™ืžื“ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉืืœื•ืช, ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ื”ืฉืืœื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืฉื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ืื•ืคืฆื™ื”, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืกื’ื™ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืคืฆื™ื”. ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืžื“ื™, ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืžื“ื™, ืžื•ื‘ื ืช ืžืืœื™ื” ืžื“ื™ โ€“ ืขื•ืฆืจืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืงื“ื ืื•ืชื. ืื‘ืœ ื ืจืื” ืฉืžืงื ืŸ ื‘ื ื• ืคื—ื“ ืžืฉืืœื•ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ืžืคื—ื™ื“. ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื ื• โ€“ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“. ืืš ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ืฉืืœื•ืช. ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ื“ื™, ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืœืชื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืจืขื‘ ืืžืชื™ ืœื“ืขืช ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ.

ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืŸ ื”ืจืขื‘, ืœื ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ; ืœืฉืื•ืœ, ืœืชื”ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืขื ืงื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื•ื, ืœืชื”ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืœื—ื“ื•ืœ.                                                                                         

ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื ื• ื”ืชื”ื™ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืืฉืช ื”ื–ื• ืœื’ื ืจื˜ื•ืจ, ืœืขื•ืฆืžื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ืœื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ื” ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ืงื“ื™ืžื”?   

ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆืจื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืคื•ืกื˜-ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช

ื”ืฆืจื›ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืงืง ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืื™ื ื• ื ื— ืœืจื’ืข. ื”ื•ื ืžืชืขื“ื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื“ืฉ, ื”ื•ื ืžืชืžืฆื, ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืจื ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื–ื” ืฉื–ื” ืขืชื” ื™ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ, ืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™, ืžื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืžืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ื‘ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืฆื˜ื˜ ืžืกื™ืคืจื™ ืฉื™ืจื” ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื•ืขื•ื“. ื•ืื ื”ืชืขื“ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืžืคื™ ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช (ืžื•ื‘ืื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืจืื™-ืžืงื•ื), ืœื ื™ืื—ืจ ื”ืชื’ืžื•ืœ ืœื‘ื•ื: ื”ื•ืIn , ื”ื•ื›ืจ ื›ืžื™ ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ืงื• ื”ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืžืช ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช. ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืชื•ืš ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžืช, ืฉืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืืœื” ืžืชื’ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ืื” ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืžื ื’ื ืช ื”ืคื™ืœื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช, ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื”ื‘ืื”, ื‘ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืงืจื‘. ื‘ืžื” ืฉืžืชื‘ืฉืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• โ€“ ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ืง ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉื›ืืŸ ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžืช.                                      

ืืš ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื–ื•, ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืจื” ื–ื• , ื”ื’ื•ืจืกืช ื›ื™ ื”ืืžืช ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื•ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช, ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื’ืจืกืช ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—โ€ฆ ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืขื“ ื›ื” ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืฉืš ื™ื—ืกื™, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื•ืจ ื ืžืฆื ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืืœื™ื ื•, ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืจืง ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ืืœื”ืชืขื“ื›ืŸ (ื•ื›ืš ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื“ืขืช ืžืชื™ ื™ื’ื™ืข). ืœื›ืŸ, ืจื•ืฅ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคืจ ื ื—ืฉื‘, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืชืคืกื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื‘ืฆื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืžืช. ื›ื™ ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืขืฆื, ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืชืขื• ื‘ืืคื™ืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช. ื•ืจืง, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• โ€“ ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื ืขื•ืจ ื•ื’ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืžืชืจื—ืฉ. ื‘ื ื™ ืžื–ืœ ืฉื›ืžื•ื ื•, ื•ืžืกื›ื ื™ื ืืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœืคื ื™ื ื•, ื›ื™ ื”ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื“ืข ืื ื—ื ื• ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ, ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ืงื•ืจื”. ืฉื”ืจื™ (ืื ื• ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืขื™ื ื›ื™) โ€œื›ื•ื—ื•ืชโ€ ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื•ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืคื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืงื“ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืœื’ื•ืช, ื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ืฉื•ืงื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื ื‘ืœื™ื“ืช ื”ืืžืช. ืื›ืŸ, ื›ืš ืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื— โ€œืžื•ื“ืจื ื™โ€. ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•: ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืืžืช, ื›ื™ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื›ื™ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื–ื” ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™. ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงืœืกื™ืงื”, ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœื”, ืžื™ื•ืฉืŸ, ืœื-ืžืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ, ืœื-ืžืกื•ื ื›ืจืŸ, ืœื-ืจืขื ืŸ, ืœื-ื‘ืงืฉืจ, ืœื-ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื.                                                                                                             

ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ื•ื’ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ. ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืกื˜-ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™, ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช.                                                                                                         

ืืš ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžืจื•ืฅ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ (ื•ืงื•ื ืคื•ืจืžื™ื–ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืš, ื”ื“ื•ืง ืขืžื•) ืจืง ืžืขื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืขืจืคืœ, ืžืขืฆื™ื ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช? ื›ื™ ืื•ืœื™ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฆื•ืคืŸ ืจืง ืขื•ื“ ืžื‘ื•ื›ื” ื•ืขื•ื“ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื•ื“ืืช, ืชืกื›ื•ืœ, ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ ื•ืื™ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืื™-ืคืขื? ื•ื›ื™ ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืฆื•ืขื“ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš ื•ืžืชืจื—ืงืช ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ืจ? ื”ืจื™ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ื” ืฉืงืจื™ืช (ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ืืœื ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ืขืจื›ื™ืช ื•ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช), ื•ืขื ื–ื” ื›ื” ื™ื•ืžืจื ื™ืช, ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืœื›ืช ื”ืืžื ื™ื ื•ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื•ืชืคื™ืฉืช-ืขื•ืœืžื ื•. (ื ืกื”, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ืชื“ืžื™ืชืš ื›ืื“ื ื‘ืจ-ื“ืขืช, ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ ื•ืžืชืงื“ื, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ, ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข, ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”).        

ืืช ื”ืืžืช ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ืื• ืœื™ืœื“ ื›ืืŸ ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•. ื”ืืžืช ื ืžืฆืื” ื•ื ืžืฆืืช ื›ืืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ืืœื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื›ื•ืกื” ืงืœื™ืคื•ืช (ื—ืฆืื™-ืืžื™ืชื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื•ืช) ื›ืžืžืฆื ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืจ, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื• ืžื‘ืขื“ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืคืจ ื”ืจื‘, ืฉื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจ, ื“ื•ื•ืงื, ืขืคืจ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™โ€ฆ.

ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืขืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื˜ื”

ื›ืžื• ื‘ืกื“ืจื” ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ื ื™ืช โ€œืื“ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืจืชื™ื (ืื• ื‘ืฉืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื— ื™ื•ืชืจ: Upstairs โ€“ Downstairs ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•, ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืงื•ืžื” ืฉืžืขืœ ื•ื”ืงื•ืžื” ืฉืžืชื—ืช.         

ื›ืžื• ื‘ืคืจืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืกืœืื•: ืœืžื˜ื” โ€“ ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืจ, ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืฉื™ื ื”, ื”ืžืื›ืœืกื™ื ืืช ืงื•ืžืช ื”ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื”, ืœืžืขืœื” โ€“ ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฆืžื™ื—ื”, ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช, ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช, ื•ื”ื’ืฉืžื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช. ืขื“ ื›ืืŸ ื”ืคืจืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžืกืœืื•.https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/he/thumb/5/5c/Maslow%27s_Hierarchy_of_Needs_he.svg/450px-Maslow%27s_Hierarchy_of_Needs_he.svg.png

ืœืžืขืœื” โ€“ ื–ื• ื’ื ืงื•ืžืช ื”ืื“ื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืจืžื˜ื›โ€ืœ ื•ื’ื ืจืœื™ื•; ืœืžื˜ื” โ€“ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื, ืžื’ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฉืจืชื™ื.                                                    

ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืื“ื ืžืŸ ื”ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ืืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”, ืงื•ืžืช ื”ืื“ื•ื ื™ื โ€“ ืื™ื ื• ืงืœ ืื• ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™. ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”, ืงื•ืžืช ื”ืžืฉืจืชื™ื โ€“ ื™ืฉ ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื”, ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืžืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืื•ืชื, ื›ืŸ ื™ื’ื‘ืจ ืจืขื‘ื•ื ื. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืงื•ืžื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื™ืฉ ืœืฉื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืœืชื•ื‘ืขื ื•ืช, ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ โ€œืขื“ ื›ืืŸโ€. ืื—ืจืช, ืชืชื—ื–ืง ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื™ืช: ืขื•ื“ ืื•ื›ืœ (ืื• ืื•ื›ืœ ื˜ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ), ืขื•ื“ ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ (ืื• ืžื–ืจื•ื ื™ื ื ื•ื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ), ืขื•ื“ ืื”ื‘ื” (ืื• ืื”ื‘ื” ืžืจื’ืฉืช, ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ).                                                                 

ื ื“ืžื” ืœื ื• ืฉืื ืืš ื ื™ืขื ื” ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื•ื ืฉืงื™ื˜ ืื•ืชื”, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ืœื”ืชืคื ื•ืช ืœืงื•ืžื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” โ€“ ืœื”ื’ืฉืžืช ืฉืื™ืคื•ืชื™ื ื• ื•ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืชื ื•. ืืš ืœื ื›ืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจ. ืœืจื•ื‘ื ื• ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืชืจื•ืžื ืžืขืœ ื”ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”, ื•ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืืฆื™ื ื•ืžืชืจื•ืฆืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฉื‘ื™ืข ืืช ืจืขื‘ื•ื ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื•ืจ ืœืœื ืชื—ืชื™ืช. ืžื˜ื‘ืขื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžืื›ืœืก ืืช ื”ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”, ืฉืื ืœื ื™ื•ื’ื“ืจื• ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืื ืœื ื™ื•ืฉืžื• ืœื• ืกื™ื™ื’ื™ื, ื™ืฉืืฃ ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื•ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ื›ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืกืจื˜ื ื™. ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืขื•ื“ ืคื™ืชื•ื™ื™ื ืžืจื’ืฉื™ื, ืชืžื™ื“ ืงื™ื™ื ืจืขื‘ ืœืขื•ื“, ืœื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœืื—ืจ.                                                                                  

ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช-ืžื‘ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”, ื ืชืคืฉืช ืงื•ืžืช ื”ืจื•ื— ื›ื‘ืœืชื™-ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช, ื›ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช: โ€œืžื” ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฆื™ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ ื›ืฉื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”?โ€ โ€œืžื” ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฆื™ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ ื›ืฉื”ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ื ืขืฆืจโ€? ื•ื›ืš ื ื”ืคื›ืช ื”ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช-ืกื•ื”ืจ, ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืกื•ื”ืจ, ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข, ื™ืฉ ืชืžื™ื“ ืกืžื™ื ื”ืžืคืฆื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ. ืžื”ื ื”ืกืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื•? ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืืกืงืคื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืกื“ืจื•ืช ื˜ืœื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื•ืขื“ ื‘ืื ื’โ€™ื™. ืืš ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืœื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืืกืงืคื™ื–ื, ืืœื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช: ืฉื™ืžืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช, ืจื™ืกื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™, ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ืกื™ืคื•ืง, ื”ืฉืœื˜ืช ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื•ืื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ืคืจื ื”ืื™ื ืคื ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื”ืžื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืจืฃ ืœื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืกื•ื”ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ื•ืฆืจื›ื ื•ืช ืžืคืฆื”. ืืช ืฉื•ื›ื ื™ ื”ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ื™ืฉ ืœืืœืฃ, ืœืžืฉื˜ืจ ื•ืœื’ื“ืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื ื•ืข ืืœ ื”ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”, ืœื—ืœืฅ ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื” ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”; ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืขืฆืžื ื• ืœืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืื™ืคื•ืชื™ื•, ืœืžื™ืฆื•ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื•, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื•.   

ื•ืœืœื ืื™ืœื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืจืชื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”, ืฉื•ื›ื ื™ ื”ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”: ื”ื’ืฉืžื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื•ืชืš ืื“ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฆืžืš โ€“ ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืžื•ืš ื•ืฆืจื›ื ื™ ื‘ืื“ื. ืœืœื ืื™ืœื•ืฃ, ืื™ืžื•ืŸ, ื•ืฉื™ืžืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืจื•ืกื ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœื‘ื•ืช, ืœืงื™ื—ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™, ืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืื’ื• ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ โ€“ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื“ื ื›ืžื•: ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื‘ื”ื™ืจื”, ืฆืœื•ืœื” ื•ื—ื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช โ€“ ืœื ื™ืชืคืงื“ื•.

ืงื˜ืข ื™ืคื™ืคื” ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืื™ืœื•ืฃ ื•ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ื›ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ (ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ื ืกื™ืš ื”ืงื˜ืŸ, ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืกื™ืš ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืขืœ.

  

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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืช ืœื”ื•ื•ื” ื—ื™

ื—ืœืง ืจืืฉื•ืŸ

ื“ืช ืื• ืœืื•ื โ€“ ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ โ€“ ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื, ืžืชืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ืฆื•ืžื—ื™ื, ืืš ื’ื ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื, ืžื–ื“ืงื ื™ื ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืžืœื—ื™ื•ืช. ืืš ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื ืฉื‘ืงื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ืฉื”ื ื’ื ื ืขืœืžื•; ืฉื›ืŸ, ื’ื ื›ืคื’ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื. ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื–ื• ื”ืงืœื™ืคื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืฉื›ืŸ ืจื•ื—-ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืฉื. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืื•ืžื” ืื• ื”ื“ืช ืœืงื“ืฉ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื, ืื™ืฉื™ื, ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ื•ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ โ€“ ืฉื™ื ื—ื• ืืช ื”ื”ื•ื•ื” ื•ื™ืขืฆื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“.                                    

ืื•ืžื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื–ื” ื ืžืฆืืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื”ืชืื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”. ื”ื™ื ืžื ืกื” ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ื˜ืงืกื™ื™ื, ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืคืขื ื›ื•ื— ื—ื™, ืฉืคืขื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื—ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ืžื“ื ื ื•ื›ื— ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื. ื ื•ืกื—ืช ื”ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื”, ื”ื˜ืงืก ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ, ื ื”ืคื›ืช ืœืขื™ืงืจ, ื•ืžื“ื›ืื” ืืช ืจื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ, ื”ืชื”ื™ื™ื”, ื”ื”ืฉืชื•ืžืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืงืจื ื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื›ื•ื— ืฉืžื ืกื” ื”ืื•ืžื” ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ืงืกื™ื”.                                                                                                                    

ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ืื• ื”ื˜ืงืก ื”ื ืืจื•ื ื•ืช-ื”ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืฉืžืจื™ื ืืช ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœืชื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืืช ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจื• ืืช ืฆืžื™ื—ืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”. ื”ื ืžืชืจื›ื–ื™ื ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืœื ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช. ืชื ืื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ, ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“, ื”ืชื™ื™ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืฉืืœื•ืช (ื•ืœื ืขื ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืžืจืืฉ) ื”ื ื”ื ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืจื—ื‘ ืืคื™ืง ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ, ื›ืŸ ื™ื’ื‘ืจื• ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืžืฆื™ืืช ืžืœื•ื›ื”, ื•ืœื ืืชื•ื ื•ืชโ€ฆื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืžืฉืžืขื• ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื”ืœื-ื ื•ื“ืข ื•ืœื”ืชืขืžืช ืขื™ืžื•, ืœื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื“ื•ื’ืžื•ืช ืงืคื•ืื•ืช ื•ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ, ืืœื ืชื•ืš ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ืœื”ื˜ืžื™ืข ืืช ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื, ื”ื ืขื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื”.                                                        

ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืœืžื“ื• ืืช ืœืงื—ื™ื• ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื•, ืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฉื•ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื™ื•ืขืชืง. ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื, ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื—ืคืฅ ืื“ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื‘ื›ืืŸ ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช; ืขื ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืžื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ื‘ื. ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื“ื ืžื’ืฉืฉ ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ื‘ืืคื™ืœืช ืื™-ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื•, ืžื” ืจื‘ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื™ ืœื”ื•ืฉื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ื™ื“ ืืœ ืคื ืกื™ ื”ืกื›ืžื•ืช, ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื•ืช, ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื˜ื™ื ืœื• ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืžืื™ืจื™ื ืœื• ื“ืจืš. ืืš ื”ืื ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื ื›ื•ื ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•?                                      

ื—ืœืง ืฉื ื™ 

ื›ืš ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื˜ื›ืกื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ. ื•ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื“ืช, ื›ืœ ื“ืจืš ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืœื–ืžื ื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื” ื”ื•ื ืงืœืืกื™ ื•ื›ืžื• ื™ื™ืŸ, ืจืง ืžืฉืชื‘ื— ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืืš ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื—ืฆื‘ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช. ื•ืงืœืืกื™ืงื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ื“ื™ ืื ืœื ื—ื™ ื‘ื” ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ืืช ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•. ื•ืœื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืžื—ื“ืฉ. 

ืื– ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ- ืื™ ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื”, ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื—ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ืชื™ืจื• ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื”ืŸ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื• ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ โ€“ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื—ืจืช ื”ื›ืœ ืกื˜ืจื™ืœื™, ืžืช, ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™, ืžืœื™ื ืจื™ืงื•ืช. 

ืื– ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš, ื–ื• ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื”ื•ื•ื” ืžื•ืชื™ืจ ืœื ื•.                                                                                                                     

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โ€œื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื“ืช, ืืœื ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืจื•ื— ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขืชื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ืโ€

ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื›ื˜ืจืจื•ื— ื•ื ืคืฉ ืขโ€™51.                                                                                    

โ€œื›ืœ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืขื“ ื›ื” ืื™ื ื” ืืœื ื”ื˜ืœื˜ืœื•ืช ืžื˜ืขื•ืช ืœื˜ืขื•ืชโ€

ื”ื ืจื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืกืŸ, 1828 โ€“ 1906.   

ืขืœ ืคืจื™ืขื”, ื”ืชืคืจืขื•ืช ื•ืคื•ืจืขื ื•ืช

ื—ืœืง ื                                                                                                                               

ื”ื›ืœ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื”ืชืคืจืข, ื”ื›ืœ ืฉื•ืืฃ ืœื”ืชืคืจืง, ืœื”ื™ืคืจื“, ืœื”ืชื‘ืœื’ืŸ, ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ืื•ืก ื”ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืชื™: ื”ืชืคื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืฃ ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืชื•ืงืง ืœื”ืชืคืจืง ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ื•, ื›ืžื• ื“ืคื™ ื”ืกืคืจ, ื›ืžื• ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ื‘ื’ื“ ืฉืื ื• ืœื•ื‘ืฉื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืงืฉืจื™ ื”ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•. ื”ืกื“ืจ, ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ, ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืขื™ืฆื‘ื ื• ื‘ื“ื™-ืขืžืœ, ืฉื•ืืคื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืจืข, ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื ืœืžื•ื˜ื‘, ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”. ื”ืจื’ืœื™ ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ืฉื•ืืคื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืชืคืจืฅ ืžืžืกื’ืจืชื, ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืœื ื• ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืžื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ ืืœ ื”ืคื” ื”ืคืชื•ื— ื•ื”ื’ื•ืจืก, ืžื•ืœ ืžืงืจืจ ืคืขื•ืจ ื•ืขืžื•ืก ืœืขื™ื™ืคื”. ื”ื”ื–ื™ื” ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืฉื•ืืคืช ืœื”ืชืคืจืข ืœืžืจืื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื—ืฆืื™ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื–ื•ื’ ืžื›ื ืกื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืœืฃ. ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืฉื•ืืฃ ื’ื•ืคื ื• ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืœืœ ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื“ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืงืžื•ื˜ื™ื, ืื•ืœื™ ืขื“ ืฉื—ื•ื ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื—ืœืฆื ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืžื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžื”ื‘ื™ืœื”. ืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ, ืœืชืช ืœื–ื” (ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื”) ืœืชืช ืœื–ื” ืœืงืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ ืกื™ื™ื’ื™ื ื•ื‘ืœื™ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช, ื–ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื•, ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืชื•ื”ื• ื•ื‘ื•ื”ื•.                                                                                                      

ืื›ืŸ, ื”ื›ืœ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื›ืื•ืก, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ื•ืคื ื•, ื”ืืจื•ื– ืจืง ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืจ, ื‘ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉื•ืžืŸ, ืฉื’ื ื”ื ื™ืชืคืจืงื• ื‘ื‘ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื›ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช. ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืชืื’ื“, ืจืง ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื’ื“. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืืœืคื™ื™ื ืฉื ื”, ืžื” ื™ื™ืฉืืจ ืฉืœื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’?                 

ื•ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ืื ื• ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืกื“ืจ ืจื•ืคืฃ: ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”, ื”ืฆื‘ื, ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ืœื•ื—-ื”ืฉื ื”, ื”ืžื’ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืืจื•ืŸ, ืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืžื˜ืœื•ืช ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื‘ืฆืขโ€ฆ ืœืขืช ืขืชื” ืื ื• ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœืฉืจื•ื“, ื‘ืชื•ื›ื›ื™ ื”ืืจื™ื–ื” ื”ื–ืžื ื™ืช, ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืขื“ื™ืŸ. ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืœื•ื—ืฆื™ื ื•ืžื•ื—ืฆื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืจืง, ืœืคืจื•ืข ื•ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœื›ืื•ืก ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื ืžืฆื ืฉื โ€“ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื’ื™ืข ื•ื”ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื–ื”.                                                                               

ื—ืœืง ื‘                                                                                                                        

ืžืœื—ืžื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืคืชืื•ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืคืชืขื” ื•ื”ืชื“ื”ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœ; ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข, ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข. ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื”ืจืขื•ืข, ื”ืžืื’ื“ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื ืข ืื•ืชื ืžืœื”ืฉืชืœื— ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”, ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื ื”ืจื•ืคืฃ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ื•ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช. ืžืชื—ืช ืœืฉืœื•ื ื”ืืจืขื™ ื”ื–ื”, ืœื•ื—ืฆื™ื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื™ื, ื”ืฉื•ืืคื™ื ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ื•ืœืžื•ื˜ื˜ ืืช ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื›ืžื’ื“ืœ-ืงืœืคื™ื, ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืงื• ื›ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืื‘ืง-ืฉืจื™ืคื”, ืœื”ืคื™ืœื• ื›ื’ืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื• (ื›ืฉื ืคืœ ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืื—ื“ โ€“ ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืจืจ ืื—ืจื™ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจ).                                         

ื›ืš ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื›ืš ื‘ืžืจื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื: ืคืชืื•ื, ื‘ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื”-ื‘ื›ืš, ืžืชืคืจืฆื™ื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื›ืื•ืก ื•ืžืคืจืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื”, ื”ืกืœื™ื—ื”, ื”ื”ื‘ื ื”, ื”ืฉืœื•ื•ื”. ื•ื”ื›ืœ ืžืฉืชืœื— ื‘ื›ืœ, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืจื•ืข, ื”ืฉื•ืืฃ ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืชืคืจืงื•ืช, ืื ืœื ืชื™ื‘ืœื.                                                                                              

ื—ืœืง ื’                                                                                                                              

ื”ืกื“ืจ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื•ื ืคื ื™ืžื™, ื•ืคืจื™ืขื” ื•ื ื–ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื ืจืง ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ โ€“ ืžืŸ ื”ืื“ื, ืฉื ื™ืชืง ืขืฆืžื• ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.                                                                                                                

ืืš ื”ืกื“ืจ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื•ื‘ืื“ื ื™ืฆื™ืจ-ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœื-ืžื•ืœื“(ื›ืžื• ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข), ืืœื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™, ืœืื•ืžื™, ืฆื‘ืื™, ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ ื•ื›ื•ืœื™ (ื ืจื›ืฉ). ื•ืขืœ-ื›ืŸ ื”ืคืจื™ืขื” ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืจื•ืฃ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื‘ื•ืข ืจืง ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื, ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื“ื—ืงื• ืืœ ื”ืชืช-ืžื•ื“ืข, ื”ืžืื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืกืจื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืคืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืงื™ื.                                        

ื›ืš โ€“ ื‘ืฉื•ืื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.                                                                         

ื•ื›ืš โ€“ ื‘ืฉื•ืื” ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ืช, ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ื”ืื•ืจื‘ืช ื•ืžืื™ื™ืžืช ืขืœื™ื ื• โ€“ ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื โ€“ ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื, ืฉืขื” ืฉืขื”, ื•ืจื’ืข ืจื’ืข โ€“ ื›ืœ ืจื’ืขื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ืžืžืฉ.                                                    

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ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื: ื“ืจืš ื”ืคืฉืข; ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื™ืจื•ืฃ; ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”; ื“ืจืš ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื; ื“ืจืš ื”ืคืจืกื•ื ื•ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื”; ื“ืจืš ื”ืื”ื‘ื”; ื“ืจืš ื”ื”ื ืื” ื•ื”ืชืขื ื•ื’ื•ืช ื•ื“ืจืš ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜; ื“ืจืš ื”ืืžื ื•ืช. ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœื“ืจืš ืจืืฉื™ืช; ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœื“ืจืš ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื ื•ืช, ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœื“ืจืš ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช. ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื ื™ื˜ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืื—ืช ืœื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืื—ืจืช. ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืื—ื“ โ€“ ื”ืืžื ื™ื, ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”, ืชืžื”ื•ื ื™ื, ื—ื•ืœืžื™ื, ืžืชืงื ื™-ืขื•ืœื, ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช, ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื•ื ื•ืฉืื™-ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืœืžื™ื ื™ื”ื. ื•ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืื—ืจ โ€“ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžืขืฉ, ืขื•ืจื›ื™-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ืื ืฉื™ ืขืกืงื™ื, ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื, ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื, ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช, ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื. ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืกืจื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชื‘ืจื’ืŸ, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื”ืžืžื•ืกื“ืช, ืฉื ืชืคืกืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ื›ืจื™ืงื ื™ืช, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื“ืจื›ื ืฉืœ ืืœื” ืฉื•ื•ื™ืชืจื• ืขืœ ื ื›ืกื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืชื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื ื›ืกื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื™ื ืื• ืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื โ€“ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช. ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื–ืœื–ืœ ื‘โ€ืžืจื—ืคื™ืโ€, ื›ืŸ ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืœื–ืœื–ืœ ื‘ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื™ื, ื‘ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื ื™ืช. ื•ืžืชื•ืš ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืขื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื” ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช, ืื ื™ ื ื—ืœืฅ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืขืœโ€ฆ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื™ื.  
                                                                                                            

ื”ื—ื•ืœืžื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื, ืฉืื ื”ืฉื™ื’ ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืจื™ืกืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื, ื–ื” โ€œืœื-ืฉื•ื•ื”โ€. ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ื’ ื–ืืช ืื—ืจืช: ืื ื™ ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื™ ืฉื”ืฉื™ื’ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืืฉืจ ืžืจื—ืฃ ืฉื—ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช; ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื™ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืจื’ ืžื’ื•ืœืžื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ืคื ื˜ื™ืœื™ืช ื•ืขืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื•. ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื ืขืœื” ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื”-ืขืจืš ืœื”ื™ืฉื’ ื”ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื•ืช, ื›ื™ ื—ืœื•ื ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืœื•ื.                                                                          

ื”ืžื‘ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืขื•ืช ืฉืืช ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ-ื“ืจืš ืฆื—ื™ื—. ืืš ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืื•ืœื™ ืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื™; ื›ื™ ืชืงื•ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ืชืžืฆื ืœื• ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื” (ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ื, ื”ืฉืขื” ื”ื‘ืื”) ื”ื™ื ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ื ื•ืจืื”. ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื—ื•ื’ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื’ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ. ื•ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• โ€“ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ืฉืžื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื’ืฉืžื”, ืื‘ื—ืจ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื”ื’ืฉืžื”, ื•ืœื• ื’ื ืฉืœ ืฆื“ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื”ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื™ ืขืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื•, ื ื—ืœืฅ ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ, ื•ืืช ื–ื” ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื—ืช ืžืžื ื•; ื•ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืคื•ื˜ ืื•ืชื•, ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืœื ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืฉืœื ืขืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืฉื–ื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื™ ื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืžื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื•, ืื•ืœื ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืคื•ื˜ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื”!                                             

ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืฉื”ืฉื™ื’ ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ื”ื—ื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื›ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืงืขืช ืฉืœ ืฆืžื— ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื”ืฆืžื™ื— ื’ื‘ืขื•ืœ, ืขืœื™ื ื•ืคืจื— ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืงืขืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ืฆื—ื•ืจ ืฉืจืง ื—ื•ืœืžืช ืขืœ ื™ืคืขืช ืคืจื™ื—ืชื”. ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื”ืงื ืื™ืช ืจื•ืื” ืฆื™ื“ื•ืง ืœืงื™ื•ื ืจืง ืื ืื“ื ืžื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช (ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื—ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื–ื”โ€ฆ); ืืš ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื โ€œื”ืฉื•ืืคื™ื ืœืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืชโ€ ื”ื™ื, ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืขืœื” ืชืื ื” ื”ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ืขื™ืจื•ืžื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื™ื• โ€“ ืžื›ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื; ื›ื™ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ื ื ื•ืชืจื• ืœืœื ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ ืขื ืžืฉื”ื• ืืžืชื™.                                                      

ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ื”.                              

ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื’ื” ื ื›ืก ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืื™ื ื” ืขื“ื™ืคื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื’ื” ื ื›ืก ืจื•ื—ื ื™ (ื’ื ืื ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืงืจื•ืก ื‘ืขืชื™ื“). ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ืžืฉืžืขื• ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ืฉื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืš โ€“ ื›ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื”. ื”ืงื™ื•ื ืชื•ื‘ืข ืžืื™ืชื ื•: โ€œืขืฉื” ืขืžื™ ืžืฉื”ื•.โ€ ื•ืจืง ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืืœ: โ€œืžื” ืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืื™ืชื™?โ€.

ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ื”ื˜ืจื•ื-ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื, ื”ืžืชื—ืžืงื™ื ืžื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื”ื, ืื™ื ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื. ื•ืขืœ-ื›ืŸ ืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื–ื•, ื›ื™ ื”ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจื™ื; ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืขื ื—ื™ื™ื”ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”โ€ืคืงืขื•ืชโ€ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ืช ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ืŸ ืขื ืฉื˜ืจ ืœืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ. ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ; ืœืคื™ ืฉืขื” ื”ื ื—ื•ืœืžื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.                                                             

ื”ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืขื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืžืฉื™ื›ืช-ื™ืชืจ; ื”ื•ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžื”ื™ ืžืฉืžืขืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ืฆืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื•ื’ืื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฉื’ื• ื‘ื–ื™ืขื” ืจื‘ื”; ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืœื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื•ืœื™ ืœืฆื˜ื˜ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืคื™ื ื•ืœืชืืจ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื, ืื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ ืœืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืงื”. ื”ื—ืœื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื‘ื“ื•-ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ืื™ื ื• ืงื™ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื”. ืงืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื ื•ืœื”ื˜ื™ื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื‘ืื™ืฉ-ืžืžืกื“ ื–ื” ืื• ืื—ืจ. ืืš ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืคื•ื˜ ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื, ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ืฉื™ืฉ ืขืžื• ืžืžืฉ. ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ืฉื’.                                                                                                 

ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืœื™ื” ืœืจื‘-ืื•ืžืŸ. ื”ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืจื‘-ืื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื“ื™ืจื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืงืœ ืื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืงืœ ื‘ื• ืจืืฉ. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื, ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืงื”. ืคืงืขืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืฆืœืช ืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื˜ื™ื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื‘ืฆืžื— ืฉืœ ืืคื•ื ื” ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื˜ื™ืคืฉ ืื• ืžื›ื•ืขืจ; ืขืœื™ื” ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื•, ื•ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ. ื”ืคืกื‘ื“ื•-ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืื™ื“ื™ื•ื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื”ื ืฉื—ื™ื. ืงื•ื“ื-ื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื”ื (ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช, ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื”ื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื•ืช).                                                                                                                      

ื”ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืืฉืžื™ื ืฉื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืจืขืœืช. ื”ื ืžืฉืชื“ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืžืขื˜ ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ื”ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ โ€œืžื” ืืช ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื•ืช ืื• ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช?โ€ ื”ื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืžืก ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื ืžืฉื›ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™, ื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื•ืช, ื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ืงืจื‘ ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืงื ื”-ืžื™ื“ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™. ื”ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื™ ืื•ืžืœืœ, ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืงืจืขื™ื ื ื•ืจืื™ื ื‘ื ืคืฉื•, ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžื—ืคื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช; ื•ื›ื ื’ื“ ื–ื”, ืœื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื (ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชื•ื›ื• ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘). ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื”ื•ื ืžื’ืœื” ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื• ืืช ื ืคืฉื• ื”ืขื™ืจื•ืžื” ื•ืขื•ืœื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืขื ืžื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื–ืขืงื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช. ื”ื›ืื‘ ืฉื–ืขืงื” ื–ื• ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื• ืžื ื™ืขื” ืื•ืชื• ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื ืชืง ืืช ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืœื• ืขื ืคื ื™ืžื• ื•ืœืืคื•ืฃ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืจืขืฉื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืฉื™ืžื ืขื• ืื•ืชื• ืžืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื–ืขืงืช ืฉืœ โ€œืœื™ืกื” ื”ืขืฆื•ื‘ื”โ€ ืฉืœื•, ื”ื‘ื•ืงืขืช ืืœื™ื• ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื.                                                                                                                         

ืืš ืชืžื™ื“, ื›ืฉื”ืžืืžืฅ ื ื—ืœืฉ โ€“ ื”ื–ืขืงื” ื ืฉืžืขืช. ื•ื–ื•, ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก, ื–ืขืงืช ื”ืจื™ืงื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœ ื”ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ืžืชื•ืš ืžืืžืฅ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจ ืœื”ืฉืชื™ืง ืืช ื–ืขืงืชื” ื”ื ื•ืจืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ืงื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื” ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ื”ื ื•ืจืื” ืฉื”ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื™ ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ื” โ€“ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ืื• ื”ื ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืขืจืš. ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื’ืฉืžื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืขืจืš. ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืื™ืคื” โ€“ ืžื˜ืจืช-ืขืœ.   

ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจ โ€“ ื”ืืžืช ืฉื‘ืฉืงืจ

ื”ืฉื™ืจื”, ื”ืคืจื•ื–ื” ื•ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื”ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื โ€“ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืจื•ืžื ื™ื, ืื’ื“ื•ืช, ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ื•ื“ืจืžื•ืช โ€“ ื”ื™ื ื ื›ื•ืœื ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉืฉื•ื›ื ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืจื•ื—-ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืโ€ฆ ืžืฉื’ืœืชื” ืจื•ื—-ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื›ื•ืจื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช, ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื” ื›ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืข, ืื• ื›ืกื•ื›ื ืช-ื—ืจืฉ ืขื˜ื•ืคื” ื•ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ืžืกื›ื•ืช, ืžื•ืฆืคื ืช ื‘ืฆืคื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื•ืœืžืกื›ื•ืช ืžื˜ืจื” ื›ืคื•ืœื”: ื”ืื—ืช, ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ, ืœื”ืฆืคื™ืŸ; ื”ืื—ืจืช, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœื”ื™ืคืš โ€“ ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ, ืœื”ืงืœ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ืžืกื›ื•ืช ื ืื•ืช, ืžืื™ืจื•ืช-ืคื ื™ื, ืžืคืชื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ื’ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืงื ื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืง ืžื™ื™ื“ื™, ืœืœื ืžืืžืฅ. ื”ืŸ ืžืกืคืงื•ืช ื”ื ืื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ื’ืŸ: ื‘ืฉื™ืจ, ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ื‘ื”ืฆื’ื”, ืฉืชืคืงื™ื“ื ื›ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื›ืคื™ืช ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ, ืฉื—ื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ ืื• ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ื”ืžืจื”.                                                                   

ืื–ืจื— ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืขื›ืœ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ืฆืจื•ืคื”, ื”ืžื•ื’ืฉืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื”. ื”ื•ื ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ื”ืืฉืœื™ื™ืชื™ืช, ืœืคื ื˜ืกื™ื” ื”ืžื’ื•ื ื ืช, ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื” ื ื—ื” ืœื” โ€“ ืžื•ืฆื ืขืช, ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื”, ืžืจื•ืžื–ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ืช โ€“ ื”ืืžืช; ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืจืง ืœืžืขื˜ื™ื, ืœืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘โ€ืžืœืื›ืช-ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉโ€ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช: ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื,* ืžืจืฆื™ื ื•ืžื•ืจื™ื, ืžื‘ืงืจื™-ืกืคืจื•ืช โ€“ ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื. (ื‘ืชื ืื™, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉื”ืืฆื‘ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ืœื ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืขื™ืงืจ, ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืœืขื‘ืจื•โ€ฆ).                                                                                                          

ืื›ืŸ, ื”ืืžืช ื ืžืฆืืช ื›ืืŸ ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• โ€“ ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช. ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื—ื‘ื•ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ, ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืงื•ืฃ, ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื–ื•ื™, ืฉื ื•ืœื-ืฉื. ื•ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื•ื”ืžืชืคืขืžื™ื ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื” (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืžืช ื•ืœืื”ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช โ€“ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืคืชื—ื•ืช ื•ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื ืฉืžื”), ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช, ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืงืจืื•, ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื•, ื›ืกื•ื“ ื ืคืœื, ื›ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืžื™ื ืงืกื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืกืชืžื™ ื•ื”ืžืจื•ืงืŸ. ืืš ื›ืœ ื”ืงืกื ื•ื”ืืžืช ื”ื–ื• ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช, ืœื ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื”, ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™, ืืœื ื“ืจืš ืžืชื•ื•ืš ื”ืืฉืœื™ื”, ื“ืจืš ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื•ื”ืžื˜ืคื•ืจื”. ืจืง ื›ืš, ืจืง ื‘ืžืกื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืžืคืชื™ื, ื™ืกื›ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื™ื ืคื ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื•ืฆืžื ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืจื™ื’ื•ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ืœื•ืข ืืช ื”ืืžืช ื•ืœืขื›ืœ ืื•ืชื”. ืจืง ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื” ื”ืคื ื˜ืกื™ื•ื ื™ ื™ื˜ืžื™ืข ืืช ืฉื‘ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืืžืช ื•ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ, ื—ืจืฉ, ื‘ืžืกืชืจื™ื, ื›ื’ื ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืœื”. ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืฅ ืื ื• ื ืื•ืจื™ื โ€“ ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืกืคืจื™ื, ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืฉื™ืจื”. ื›ืœืคื™ ืคื ื™ื ืื ื• ื›ืกื•ื›ื ื™-ื—ืจืฉ, ืžืœืงื˜ื™ื ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื™ืชื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช โ€“ ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ืงื™ื•ื, ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช, ื”ื–ืงื ื”, ื”ืžื•ื•ืช.                                                                           

ืจืง ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื” ื”ืžืกื•ื’ื ื ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ื“ืจืš ื”ืืฉืœื™ื” ื”ื“ืงื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช, ืจืง ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืงื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืžืช, ื™ืฉื™ื’ื• ื ื›ื™-ื”ืจื•ื—, ื”ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืคืœื ื•ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉื‘ืงื™ื•ื ื•ื›ืžื”ื™ื ืืœื™ื• ืืช ื ื™ืฆื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืืžืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.                             

*

โ€œื”ื‘ืขืฉโ€ื˜, ื›ืฉื‘ื ืœืคื ื™ื• ืžืขืฉื” ืงืฉื” ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืคืชืจื•ื ื•, ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ื™ืขืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื™ื“ื•ืข ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ืœื™ืง ืฉื ืืฉ. ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืคืœืœ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื” โ€“ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืขื–ืจื”. ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ืจโ€™ ื™ืขืงื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื›ื— ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื™ืขืจ ื•ื™ื“ืข ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ืืช ื”ื•ื•ื ื” โ€“ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืขื•ื–ืจ. ื•ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืžืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืŸ ื’ื ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืฉื›ื— ืื‘ืœ ื™ื“ืข ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื”, ื•ื’ื ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ. ื•ื”ื ื” ืื ื™, ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ื•ื’ื ื”ืืฉ ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง, ื•ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืฉื›ื—ืชื™, ื•ืจืง ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืื ื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื–ื” โ€“ ื•ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืขื•ื–ืจโ€.

ืจโ€™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืจื•ื–โ€™ื™ืŸ

โ€œื›ืžื• ืฉืžืจืคืื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื•ืจ, ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืกื’ืจื• ืฉืœื ื™ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืคืชืื•ืโ€ฆ ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืœื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ื ื” ื•ื—ื•ืฉืš ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘, ื›ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื• ืคื ื™ื•, ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืžืฉื ืชื•, ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืœื‘ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื–ื™ืง ืœื• ืคืชืื•ื ื”ืื•ืจ.โ€

ืจโ€™ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืžื‘ืจืกืœื‘, ืœื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ ืžื•ื”ืจโ€ืŸ

ืคืชื— ืจโ€ืฉ ื—โ€ื ืกื™โ€™ ืโ€™.

โ€œื•ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื–ื” ืฉืžืœื‘ื™ืฉื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืคื ื™ื, ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืฉืžืœื‘ื™ืฉื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืขืฉื” ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขื•ืจืจื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื•, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื• ืคื ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžืœื‘ื™ืฉื™ืŸ ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื”, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ืชื•ืจื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ื•ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืื•ืžืจื” ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื•ืžืœื‘ื™ืฉื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื•ืงื˜ื ื” ืžืžื ื”โ€ฆ ื•ื–ื” ืฉืžืขื•ืจืจื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขโ€™ ืคื ื™ืโ€ฆ ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืืœื ืขโ€ื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืขโ€™ ืคื ื™ื ืขโ€™ ืฉื ื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืโ€

ืจโ€™ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืžื‘ืจืกืœื‘, ืœื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ ืžื•ื”ืจโ€ืŸ. ื“ืคโ€ื–.

(โ€œืขโ€™ ืคื ื™ืโ€ ื”ื ืกืžืœ ืœืฉื‘ืข ื”ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช.)

ืœืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ:                        

D. Gordon (1978). Therapeutic Metaphors. Cupertino CA. Meta Publications

ืกื“ืจืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ืช                                                                    

ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™-ื”ืื“ื

ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ, ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ืžืœื›ื“ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ืช ืœืงืจืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื•ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื–ื• ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื‘ืœ ืžืฉื—ืง ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื”ืจืกื ื™: ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืžืฉ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื™ืœื•ื˜ ื•ื”ืกื•ื•ืื” ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื; ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืœื˜ ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžืคื ื” ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืืžืชื™ืช; ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืชืคืงื“ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืช.

ื”ืฉืืœื” ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ: ื”ืื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืฆืžื ื”ื ืžืฉื—ืง? ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ืื ื ื•ืœื“ื ื• ืœืชื•ืš ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืจืชืง, ืžื•ื–ืจ ื•ืžืฉืขืฉืข (ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ืžืฉื—ืง), ืื• ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ืืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ? (ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.)

ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืžื›ื ื™ื โ€œื—ื™ื™ืโ€: ื”ื ืื”, ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉืขืฉื•ืข, ืจื™ื’ื•ืฉ, ื”ืชืคืขืžื•ืช; ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ื ืžืฆื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ ื”ืืคื•ืจ, ื”ืฉื’ืจืชื™, ื”ืžื•ื ื•ื˜ื•ื ื™, ื”ืฆืคื•ื™, ื”ื ืขื“ืจ ืฆื‘ืข. ื›ืš ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืขืฆืžื ื• ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืžืœื›ื“ ืื•ืชืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื ืคืฉื•ืช, ืืœื ืคื•ืขืœ ื™ื•ืฆื ืฉืœ ืžืฆื™ืืช ืžืฉื—ืง ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื•ื”ืชืืžื” ื”ื ื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœืžืฉื—ืง. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื, ืื•ืœื™ ืžืชื•ืงืฃ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืงืฉื”, ืื ื• ืžื’ืœื™ื ืœืชื“ื”ืžืชื ื• ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ืช. ืื ื• ืžื’ืœื™ื ื›ื™ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉื“ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื ื›ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื ื•ืื™ืชื ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืืœื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื˜ืงืกื™ืช-ืžืฉื—ืงื™ืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ืช, ืขื ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืกื“ื•ืจื™ื, ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื”, ืขื ืžืคืกื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื.

ื™ืฉื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื”ื“ื•ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื. ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื-ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื ื•ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื. ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ, ื”ื’ืฉื˜ืœื˜ (ืชื‘ื ื™ืช) ื•ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืชืงืฉืจ ืขื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืื“ื ืœืฉื—ืง ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ืœื• ืจื•ื•ื— ืื™ืฉื™. ื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื. ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื›ื•ื— ื•ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”. ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืจื ื•ื ื™ืฉื, ืื• ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื›ื ื™ืขื” ื•ื”ืชืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืงื˜ืŸ ืื• ืœื ื—ืฉื•ื‘.

ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉื ืงืœืขื• ืœืชื•ืš ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ. ืœืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื. ื•ืื ืื™ืŸ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉื—ืง ืื– ื”ืื“ื ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื•ืื ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ืคื’ื™ืข. ื•ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื” ื•ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื™ืช, ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืกื•ื’ืจืช ืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ, ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื›ืื‘ ืจื’ืฉื™ ืงืฉื”. ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื•ืœืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ืช.

ืื ื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ืžืกืคืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกืžื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื›ื™ ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื: ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช, ืื– ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’โ€™ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื•ืžืŸ, ืื• ื ื•ืจื‘ืจื˜ ื•ื™ื ืจ, ืฉืคื™ืชื—ื• ืืช ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื.

ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืจืžืŸ ื”ืกื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงืจื ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื’ื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืœ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื (โ€œื–ืื‘ ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืชโ€). ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื’ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•: Glass bead gamesโ€.

ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™, ื•ื”ืคืขื ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช โ€“ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ืช, ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื“โ€ืจ ืืจื™ืง ื‘ืจืŸ: โ€œืžืฉื—ืงื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ืโ€œ.

ื”ื ื” ืงื˜ืข ืžืžื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ืืชืจ: โ€œืกื™ืžื ื™ื”โ€: โ€œื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื™ื—ืกื™ื”ื ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืฉื—ืงื ื‘โ€ืžืฉื—ืงื™ืโ€, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ืžืง ืžื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื•ืช ืคื ื™ื ืืœ ืคื ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช, ืื• ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ืช ื‘ืงืฉืจื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื. (ื”ื”ื“ื’ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื™, ื’.ืจ.). ื“โ€ืจ ื‘ืจืŸ ืžื’ื™ืฉ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืฉื” ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื, ืฉืื•ืชื ื”ื•ื ืžืกื•ื•ื’ ื›ืš: โ€œืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื—ื™ื™ืโ€; โ€œืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืโ€, ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืขืกื™ืง ื–ื•ื’ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื”ืžืชื•ืกื›ืœื™ื ืื• ื ื˜ื•ืœื™ ื”ื”ื ืื”; โ€œืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืžื™ืŸโ€, ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืฆืœ ื–ื•ืœืชื•, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื ื•ื”ื’ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืชืžื™ื; โ€œืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื—ื‘ืจื”โ€, ื”ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืกืงืช ืื• ื”ืชืœื•ื ื ื•ืช ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืช; โ€œืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืจื•ืคืโ€; โ€œืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืขื•ืœื ืชื—ืชื•ืŸโ€ ื•โ€ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ืโ€โ€ฆ

ืืš ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืื ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ืช, ืฉื‘ ื”ืžืขื˜ื” ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื•ื ืืจื’ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืคืชื™ืข, ื•ืœื ื ื•ื“ืข ื›ืœืœ ื›ื™ ื ื•ื›ื—ื ื• ืื—ืจืชโ€ฆ ืื›ืŸ, ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื ื”-ืคืืจืง ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื (ืคืœื™ืจื˜ื™ื, ืงืจื™ื™ืจื”, ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ืคืจืกื•ื, ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื, ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช, ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช, ืื”ื‘ื”, ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื” ื•ื›ื•ืœื™), ื ืจืื™ืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื”, ื‘ืœื”, ืžืฉืขืžืžืช. ื”ื‘ืจื™ื—ื” ืžืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื–ื• ืืœ ืืจืฅ ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืจืง ื‘ืจื™ื—ื” ื”ืจืคืชืงื ื™ืช. ื–ื• ืžื ื•ืกื” ืฉืœ ืคื—ื“, ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื•. ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื›ืœ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืžืฉื—ืงื™ืช ืขื“ื™ืคื” ืขืœ ืื ื™ ื”ืฉื“ื™ื ืฉืžืชื—ืช. 

ืืš ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืจืžืช ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ื•ืขื•ืฆืžืชื• ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื ื›ืื™ืŸ ื•ื›ืืคืก ืžื•ืœ ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ื™ื—ืฉืคื•ืช ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจื•ืžื”, ื”ืคื•ืขืžืช ื‘ืขื•ื– ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžืกื•ื•ื” ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™. ื•ืžื™ ืฉื ื—ืฉืฃ ืืœื™ื”, ืงื•ืœื˜ ืืช ืขื•ืฆืžืชื” ื”ืื“ื™ืจื” ื•ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืคื ื™ืžื” ื•ืœื”ื˜ืžื™ืข ืื•ืชื”, ืžืชืžืœื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื”, ื›ื•ื— ืชื•ืกืก ื•ืขืฆืžืช-ื—ื™ื™ื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืฉืžื—ื” ื•ืœื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื. 

ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืงืฆืจ

ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื—ื™ ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืฉืื”ื‘ ื“ืจืงื•ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ. ื”ื•ื ืืกืฃ ืื•ืชื ื•ืื—ืกืŸ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื•, ื“ืจืงื•ื ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืกื•ื’, ื“ืจืงื•ื ื™ื ืžืงืจื˜ื•ืŸ, ื“ืจืงื•ื ื™ื ืžื ื™ื™ืจ, ื“ืจืงื•ื ื™ื ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœ, ื“ืจืงื•ื ื™ื ืžืคื—, ื›ืœ ื“ืจืงื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื; ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืื”ื‘ ื“ืจืงื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื•ื‘ืชืžื™ื.

ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ื™ืชื• ื“ืจืงื•ืŸ ืืžืชื™, ืชื—ื‘ ืืช ืจืืฉื• ืคื ื™ืžื” ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœื—ืœื•ืŸ ื•ื ืฉืฃ. ื•ื”ืื™ืฉ ืื•ื”ื‘-ื”ื“ืจืงื•ื ื™ื ืžืชโ€ฆ ืžืคื—ื“.

โ€œin china there was once a man who liked pictures of dragons, and his clothing and furnishings were all designed accordingly. his deep affections for dragons was brought to the attention of the dragon god, and one day a real dragon appeared before his window. it is said that he died of fright. he was probably a man who always spoke big words but acted differently when facing the real thing.โ€


โ€• Tsunetomo Yamamoto, Hagakure: The Book of the Samurai

ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช

ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ โ€œืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ืชโ€ ืื™ื ื” ื—ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื™ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ, ืชืคื™ืฉืชื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ืช-ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื•ื‘ืจืžื” ืฉืžื”ืŸ ืžืฉืงื™ืคื™ื ืขืœื™ื”. ื™ืฉ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ, ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉื™ื›ื ื•ืขื™ืช ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช, ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืืžืคืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™-ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™? ืื•ืœื™ ื›ืžืกืข ืžืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ื“, ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ โ€“ ื›ืœืคื™ ื•ืœืงืจืืช ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื•ื”ืฉืœืžื”. ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™-ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ (ื˜ืจื ืกืืงืฆื™ื” ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ืช) ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื“ื™ื ืืžื™ืช ืœื ืงื™ื™ื, ืœื“ืขืชื™, ืžืฆื‘-ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื; ื›ืœ ืžืฆื‘ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ ื ืชื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืื—ืช ืžืฉืชื™ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื•ืช: ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ื“, ืื• ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื—ื•ื“.  

ืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื ื™ื›ื•ืจ, ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื, ื–ืจื•ืช, ืฉื•ื ื™, ืžื’ื ื ื”, ื—ืฉื“ื ื•ืช, ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช. ื–ื• ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ื“. ืžืจื›ื– ื›ื•ื‘ื“ ืขืฆืžื™. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื”.

ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื™ืฉ ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื, ืชืžื™ื›ื”, ืžืชืŸ ื—ืœืœ, ืืžืคืชื™ื”, ืื™ื›ืคืชื™ื•ืช, ื”ืงืฉื‘ื”, ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช, ืืžื•ืŸ, ืžืชืŸ ืžืฉื•ื‘, ืžืจื›ื– ื›ื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื–ื•ืœืช. ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื”.

ื ืฉืืœืช ื”ืฉืืœื”: ืžื” ื ื—ื•ืฅ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ืœื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ื“ ืœืื™ื—ื•ื“? ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ื• ืžืชื›ื ืกื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื—ื“: ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”, ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉืช ืฆื•ื•ืช, ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื‘ืงื•ืคืช-ื—ื•ืœื™ื, ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืžืงืจื™ืช ืขื ืžื›ืจ ืื• ื™ื“ื™ื“.                                                                                                                 

ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคืจื“ื™ื ื™ืชืื—ื“ื• ืœื›ืœืœ ื–ืจื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืฉื˜ืฃ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ โ€“ ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืŸ-ืขืœ, ืฉื™ืื—ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืขื–ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ืžื˜ืจื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืื• ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื”ืฉืชื•ืงืงื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช , ืื• ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื›ืจื™ื–ืžื˜ื™ืช. ื“ื•ืžื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžื’ื ื•ื˜ ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ืš ืฉื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืฉื“ื” ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื—ื–ืง ื”ืžื•ืคืขืœ ืœื–ืžืŸ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืžืกืชื“ืจื™ื ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื™ืœ ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•, ื›ืฉื”ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ื•ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื›ืš ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸโ€™ ,ื•ื›ืš ื ื”ืคืš ื”ืžื˜ื™ืœ ืœืžื’ื ื˜ ื‘ืขืœ ืขื•ืฆืžื”, ืฉื›ื•ื—ื• ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืกื“ืจ ื•ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื• ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื โ€“ ืื™ื—ื•ื“. ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ื™ืœ ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืจื’ื™ืœ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ (ืื ื˜ื™-ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™), ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืžื’ื ื˜ ืžืกื•ื“ืจื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืคื•ื ื™ื ืœืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ (ืžืฆื‘ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™). ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžื˜ืžื•ืจืคื™ ื”ื–ื” ื ืžืฉืš ืขื“ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ืœืื—ื“ื•ืช ืื—ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืขืชื”, ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืคืจื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืžืขื™ืŸ ืงื•ื ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ, ืžื•ืœื™ืš. ืขืœ-ื›ืŸ, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืชื”ืœื™ืš, ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ื™ืฉ ื–ืจื, ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืžื•ืœื›ืช: ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืžืช. ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช.                                                            

http://www.pstcc.edu/departments/natural_behavioral_sciences/Web%20Physics/D2101.gif

ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื’ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืื“ื ืคื ื™ืžื”. ื”ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืคืš ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืœืžื•ืœื™ืš, ืœืžื’ื ื˜ ื”ืžืื—ื“ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืืช ืคื–ื•ืจื•ืชื™ื•, ืืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื• โ€“ ืื ื™ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืฉืชื™ืช ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืขืœ ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืŸ-ืขืœ, ื›ืžื• ืžื˜ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืื• ื”ืฉืชื•ืงืงื•ืช ืœืจืžื•ืช ืฉืžืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืœืฃ ื•ื”ื‘ื ืืœื™.   

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ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช:

http://www.pitgam.net/cats/68/1/0/

โ€œื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืจื’ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื“ื. ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžืœืžื“, ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ืจื’ืฉื™, ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช. (ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื–ื•ืœืชื• ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ื”ืื“ื ืืœ ืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™.)โ€

ื“โ€ืจ ืžื™ื›ื” ืื ืงื•ืจื™, ื”ืœื‘ ื•ื”ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ. ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืจืžื•ืช. 1991, ืขโ€™ 92    

ื˜ื‘ืขื” ื”ืžืขื•ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ืช

ื”ื›ืœ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืืš ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื” ืฉืชืชืจื—ืฉ. ื”ื™ื—ืก ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื•ืช: ื”ืื—ืช, ื™ื—ืก ื”ื’ื•ืจืก ื›ื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื–ืœ, ืื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืžื•ืจ; ื™ื•ืฆื โ€“ ื™ื•ืฆื, ืœื ื™ื•ืฆื โ€“ ืœื ื™ื•ืฆื. ื”ืื—ืจืช: ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช ื›ื™ ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืงืœืงืœ ืื•ืชื”, ืื• ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉืงื™ืข ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš, ืื• ื’ื•ืจื ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืชืืžื”.

ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ืœื”. ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืชื ืื™ื ื”ื•ืœืžื™ื, ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืืช ืฆืžื™ื—ืชื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ื™ื ื›ืคืจื—: ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ืงืœื˜, ื™ืคืจื— ื•ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ืœื•ื‘ื•, ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืชื ืื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื•ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื. ื”ืชื ืื™ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื™ืจื” ืžืชืื™ืžื”: ืื•ื™ืจื” ืคื•ืชื—ืช, ื•ืœื ืกื•ื’ืจืช; ืžืืคืฉืจืช, ื•ืœื ืชื•ื—ืžืช; ืžืื•ื•ืจืจืช, ื•ืœื ื“ื•ื—ืกืช; ืžืชืจื—ื‘ืช, ื•ืœื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฆืช; ืฉืงื˜ื”, ื•ืœื ืจื•ืขืฉืช, ื’ืžื™ืฉื” ื•ื ื•ืชื ืช ืขืฆืžื”, ื•ืœื ื ื•ืงืฉื” ื•ืžืœื—ื™ืฆื”; ืจื›ื” ื•ื–ื•ืจืžืช, ื•ืœื ืงืฉื” ื•ืžืงื‘ืขืช; ืžืขื•ื’ืœืช ื•ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ืช, ื•ืœื ื™ืฉืจื” ื•ื–ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ืช.                                                                                             

ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื” ื™ืฉืจืช ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื•ืจื‘ืช ื–ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช;

ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช

 ืฉื ื“ื•ื—ืกื™ื, ืœื•ื—ืฆื™ื, ืžืฆื•ืคืคื™ื โ€“ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืชื—. ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืคื•ืชื— ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช: ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื”ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื•ืงื• ื”ืื•ืคืง ื”ื•ื ืงืฆื” ื”ืชื—ื•ื; ืฉื ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืขื’ื•ืœื™ื, ืžืชืขืงืœื™ื, ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื. ื›ืš ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื•ืืžืชื™ืช โ€“ ื–ื•ืจื, ื ืžืฉืš, ืžืชืขื’ืœ, ืžืชื’ืžืฉ โ€“ ื›ื ื”ืจ, ื›ืขืฆื™ื, ื›ืงื• ื”ืจื›ืก.                                                                       

ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช, ื”ื‘ืขืช ื“ืขื•ืช ื—ื“-ืžืฉืžืขื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืชืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช โ€“ ืžื—ื“ื“ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืกื•ื’ืจืช ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืื•ื™ืจื” ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืชื”ื™ื™ื”, ื’ื™ืฉื•ืฉ ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉืื™ืœืช ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžืขื’ืœืช, ืคื•ืชื—ืช ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืขืฆื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™. ื‘ืฉืื™ืœืช ืฉืืœื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืฉืืœื•ืช โ€œืกื’ื•ืจื•ืชโ€ (ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืง โ€œื›ืŸโ€ ืื• โ€œืœืโ€), ืืœื ืœืฉืืœื•ืช โ€œืคืชื•ื—ื•ืชโ€, ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืžืจื—ื‘ ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”. ื™ืฉ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ื’ืžื™ืฉื”, ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืขืฆืžื” ืœื–ื•ืœืช ื•ืœืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื”; ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืข, ืœืฉื•ื—ื— ื•ืœื”ืชื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื—. ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืžื” ืžืŸ ื”ืื’ื• ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžืš, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื–ื•ืœืช ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืชืงืฉืจ, ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืœื• ืžืงื•ื ืจื—ื‘ ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ. ืœืœื ื”ืคืจื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืืžืชื™ืช, ืขื•ืœืžื ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื ืงืจ, ืžื ื•ื›ืจ, ืงืฉื” ื•ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืกื‘ืœ.     

ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ื ืกืชืจื™ื ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ืช

ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ืจื•ื‘ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ืืžืจื™ื, ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ โ€“ ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื•ื‘ื“ ื”ื’ืœื•ื™; ื•ื™ืฉ ืจื•ื‘ื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื ืืžืจื™ื, ืฉืื™ื ื ื‘ืื™ื ืœื›ืœืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื”ืื“ื ืจื•ืฆื” ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืžื”ืžืคื’ืฉ, ืžื” ืฉื”ืื“ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืืžืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ, ืžื” ืฉืžืชื—ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืงืจื‘ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื•ื›ื•โ€™) โ€“ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืจื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืกืžื•ื™.                                                  

ื”ืจื•ื‘ื“ ื”ื’ืœื•ื™, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ืืžืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื”, ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™-ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื”ืกื•ื•ืื” ื•ืชื—ืคื•ืฉืช. ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ืืžืจื™ื ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช, ืืš ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืžืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื•ืืช ื”ืืžืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื• ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืชืจื—ืฉ. ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืชืจืก ื”ื”ื‘ืขื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ืžืฉืžืจ ื”ืื“ื ืืช ื’ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช.                                                                                             

ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืื ื• ืžืžืœืื™ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื–ื”. ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื• ืžืชืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื›ืš ื™ืฆืคื• ืžืืชื ื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืžืœื ืื•ืชื•. ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื™ืฆืช ืื—ืจื™ื, ืื ื• ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘โ€ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื ื›ื•ืŸโ€, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื–ืืช. ื›ืš, ื›ืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ื–ื•ืœืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ (ื™ื—ืกื™ ืื ื™ โ€“ ืืชื” ื•ืœื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืื ื™ โ€“ ื”ื•ื ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื‘ืจ, ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื‘ืกื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื—), ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืœืžืคืœื” ื•ืœื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ                                                                                                 

ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ืืžืช ืื™ื ื” ื ืชื•ื ื” ืžืขืฆื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืงื™ื•ื; ื”ื™ื ื–ืงื•ืงื” ืœืชื ืื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื, ืœืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ืœืืžื•ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.                                                                                   

ื•ืขื“ ืื– โ€“ ื”ื’ืขื’ื•ืขื™ื.                                                                                                                

*

ืื ืื ืฉื™ื ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช, ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”, ื”ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ, ืื™ื ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื™ื ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”.โ€

ืื•ืกืงืจ ืื™ืฉื•ื–ื•, ืชื“ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืžืฉื•ื™ื•ืช.

ื™ื—ืกื™ ื’ื•ืฃ-ื ืคืฉ

ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืžืžื“ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื”ื—ืœืœ ื•ื”ื–ืžืŸ

ื’ื•ืคื ื• ื ืข ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื•ื ื•ืกืข ื‘ื–ืžืŸ; ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืืกื™ืจื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื—ืœืœ ื•ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืข ื‘ื”ื.    

ืœื’ื•ืคื ื• ืžืžืฉื•ืช ื•ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช, ื”ืžื•ืขื ืงื•ืช ืœื• ืžืขืฆื ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืขืœ ื ืคื— ื•ืžืฉืงืœ. ืœื—ืœืœ ื•ืœื–ืžืŸ ืžืžืฉื•ืช ื•ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืงืฃ ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืžื™ืงื•ืžื• (ื‘ืžืžื“ ื”ื—ืœืœ); ื•ืžืชื•ืงืฃ ื”ื‘ืœืื™ ื•ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ (ื‘ืžืžื“ ื”ื–ืžืŸ). ื”ื—ืœืœ ืกื‘ื™ืœ ืœื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืคื ื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื•. ื’ื•ืคื ื• ืกื‘ื™ืœ ืœื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืžื“ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื•.                          

ื’ื•ืฃ, ื—ืœืœ ื•ื–ืžืŸ โ€“ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืžื“ื™ื ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ืฉืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื•. ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื•ื—ื™ื™ื• (ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืขืžื•ืงื” ื•ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ ื•ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ) ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืืช ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืžื“ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.                                                            

1. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ โ€“ ืฉืคืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช, ืชื ื•ื—ื•ืช, ื”ื‘ืขื•ืช ืคื ื™ื. 

2. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ โ€“ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืืœื™ื•ืช, ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื™ื—ืกื™ ื’ื•ืฃ-ื—ืœืœ.

3. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ โ€“ ืขื™ืชื•ื™ ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืŸ, ืงืฆื‘, ืกื™ื ื›ืจื•ื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”.

ื”ืื“ื ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ โ€“ ืžืฉื“ืจ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช, ื“ื—ืคื™ื, ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ื™ื•ืช.  

ื”ืื“ื ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื—ืœืœ โ€“ ืžืžืœื ืื•ืชื• ืื• ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•, ืฉื•ืืฃ ืœืฉื˜ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ (ืžื•ื—ืฆืŸ, ืฉืชืœื˜ืŸ, ื‘ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ) ืื• ืžืกืชืคืง ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ (ืžื•ืคื ื, ื ืกื•ื’, ื—ืกืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื“ื›ืื•ื ื™) ื™ื—ืกื™ื• ืขื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ื”ืชื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ื ืคื— (ืœืื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืคื™ืกื™) ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืคืก ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืื—ืจ.                                                                                                                 

ื”ืื“ื ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ: ื”ื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืื™ืฅ ืื• ืžืื˜, ืžืคืกื™ืง ืื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœ, ืžืชื•ื–ืžืŸ ืขื ื”ื–ื•ืœืช ืื• ืงื•ื˜ืข ืื•ืชื• ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืื• ืžืคื’ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื•, ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ื”ืคื ื•ื™ ืื• ื ื‘ืœืข ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื•.                                                                                                                    

ื”ื ืคืฉ ื›ืœื•ืื” ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืžื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื–ื›ืจื•: ื›ืœื•ืื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ (ืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื—ืœืฅ ืžืชื•ื›ื•); ื›ืœื•ืื” ื‘ื—ืœืœ (ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขืช ื•ื‘ืขื•ื ื” ืื—ืช); ื•ื›ืœื•ืื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ (ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืื—ื•ืจ ืื• ืœื ืกื•ืข ืงื“ื™ืžื” โ€“ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ).                                                                 

ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ืื“ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื” ืœื’ื•ืคื•, ืœื—ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื• ื•ืœื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื• ื•ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ื ื•ืชื ืช ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืขื ืขืฆืžื•. ืื“ื ื”ืฉืจื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ืขื ื ืคืฉื•, ื•ื”ื™ื ืงื•ืจื ืช ื•ืฉื•ื˜ืคืช ื“ืจื›ื• ืœืœื ื—ืกื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฆื•ืจื™ื, ื™ืฉืืฃ ืœื—ืœืœ ืจื—ื‘ ื•ืคืชื•ื— ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•; ื™ืฆื™ื‘ืชื• ืชื”ื™ื” ื–ืงื•ืคื”, ืฉื•ืืคืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืขืœื”, ื•ืžื‘ื˜ ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืœื-ืžื•ืฉืคืœ, ืœื-ืžืชื—ืžืง ื•ื’ื ืœื-ืื˜ื•ื, ืืœื ืงื•ืจืŸ, ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ืคืฉ ืขืฆืžื” ืงื•ืจื ืช ื“ืจื›ื• ืืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื”ืื“ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืฉื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืžื’ืข ื”ืชื›ื•ืฃ ืขื ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื™ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฆืคื•ืคื” ืคื—ื•ืช, ืคืชื•ื—ื” ื•ืžืจื•ื•ื—ืช. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœื–ืžืŸ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื•ื–ืจ: ื”ื•ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ืžืชืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืคื ื™ื; ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืฅ ื ืจืื” ื”ืื“ื ื›ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ืื˜ื• ื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื•, ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืชืคืฉ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื• ื›ืกื‘ื™ืœ, ื›ื‘ืขืœ ืงืฆื‘ ืื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื›ืžื™ ืฉื ื–ืงืง ืœื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื—ื” ืื• ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื ื”ื›ืœ ื ื›ื ืก ืœื”ื™ืœื•ืš ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื•ืžื”ื™ืจ ืขื“ ืžืื•ื“.                                                                                                                            

ื›ืฉืžืžื“ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื”ื—ืœืœ ื•ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืชื•ื–ืžืจื™ื ื•ืžืชื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื ืคืฉ, ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื: ื”ื ืคืฉ ืฆื•ื‘ืจืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืื•ืฆื” ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืชื—ื“ื“ืช, ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ื ืขืฉื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื. ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื ื, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ืคืฉ ืขืจื”; ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ื”ืคื•ืš, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืฉืœ ืœื—ืฆื™ื ื•ืžืชื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืขืจ, ืืš ื”ื ืคืฉ ื ืžื”. ืื“ื ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ืขื ื ืคืฉื• ื ืจืื” ืื™ื˜ื™, ืกื‘ื™ืœ, ื—ืกืจ ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช, (ืจืื” โ€œืกื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืื—ื™ื ื• โ€“ ื”ืคืจืฉ ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“โ€ ื‘ืฉืขืจ ื”ื ืฉืžื”), ืื•ืœื ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ืืœื ื˜ืขื•ืช ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืช; ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉืœ ืขืจื ื•ืชื” ื”ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ, ื–ืงื•ืง ืื“ื ื–ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืœืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื•ื˜ืขื™ื™ื”, ืœื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืกืจืง, ืœืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื›ื•ื—, ืœืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ ืจื•ืฉื ื•ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื—ืชื ื™ืช ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ืช ืืช ืžื™ ืฉื’ื•ืคื• ืขืจ, ืืš ืื™ื ื• ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืืœ ื ืคืฉื•. ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžืกื•ื ื›ืจืŸ ืขื ื ืคืฉื• ืžืฉื•ืœ ืœื ืžืจ, ื”ืงื•ืคื ืขืœ ืขื•ืžื“ื• ื•ืžืžืชื™ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื–ื ืง ืœืคืชืข ืขืœ ื˜ืจืคื•. ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ื“ืจื•ื›ื” ืชืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ื‘ื•ื ื”ืขืช ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืจื’ื•ืข ื•ื”ืคืชื•ื—, ื•ืชื ื™ืขื• ืœื›ืœืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืชื‘ื™ืข ืชืคื•ืงื” (ืื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช), ื›ืžื™ืชืจ ื”ืžืขืจืกืœ ืืช ื”ื—ืฅ ื”ืจืคื•ื™ ื‘ื˜ืจื ืฉื™ืœื•ื—ื•.                        

ืžืžื“ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื—ืก ืื•ืžื ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ืืš ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”, ืœื ืคืฉ. ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ืŸ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ืฉื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉ; ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ืŸ ืœืงื•ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ืืฆืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื›ื•ืœืื™ื ืื•ืชื”.                                                                                                                          

ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื, ืฉื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ื™ื ืžืœื›ืชื•, ื ืข ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื‘ืจื•ืš, ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื›ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืื• ื›ืจื•ื— ืื‘ื™ื‘; ื”ื•ื ืคืชื•ื— ื•ืจืคื•ื™, ื ืขื“ืจ ืžืืžืฅ ื•ืžืชื—, ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื–ื•ืจื ื“ืจื›ื• ื•ืžื ื™ืข ืื•ืชื• (ื•ืœื ื›ื•ื— ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื• ืื• ืจืฆื•ื ื•); ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ โ€“ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืขื•ืžื“; ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ โ€“ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื›ื•ืœื•; ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื›ื‘ โ€“ ื›ืœ ื›ื•ืœื• ืฉืจื•ืข, ืžืชืžื›ืจ ืœื—ืœืœ ื•ืœื–ืžืŸ; ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ืœืข ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื•ื’ื ืื™ื ื• ืื•ื ืก ืื•ืชื ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื•; ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื, ื ื•ื›ื—. ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืื™ื ื• ืžื ื™ื— ืœื–ืžืŸ ืœืื ื•ืก ืื•ืชื•, ืœื”ืœื—ื™ืฅ ืื•ืชื• ื•ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžื”ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื ืคืฉื•.                                                                              

ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื ืฆื— ืขืœ ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืคื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืงืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืช-ืชื•ื“ืขืชื•. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžื’ื™ื‘ ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ื›ืŸ ืชื•ืื˜ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืคืขื™ืžืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ, ืขื“ ืฉืชื—ื“ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘. ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืจืคื” ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืžืืžืฆื™ื• ืœื”ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืžืชืžื“ืช, ื›ืŸ ืชื•ื›ืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ ืœืฆื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื•ื— ื•ืชืื•ืฆื” ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื™ ื•ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ืŸ ืžื•ืคืœืื™ื.                                                                       

ื”ื ืคืฉ, ื”ืžืชืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื•ื”ื ื™ืฉืืช ืขื ืฉื˜ืคื• ืฉืœ ื ื”ืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืชื’ื™ืข ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืืœ ืžื—ื•ื– ื—ืคืฆื”: ืืœ ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืจื•ื—.                                                                          

ื’ื•ืคื ื• โ€“ ืคืขืžื•ืŸ ืชื”ื•ื“ื”

ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ื›ืคืขืžื•ืŸ ืชื”ื•ื“ื” โ€“ ืงืชื“ืจืœื” ืžืงื•ืžืจืช ืงืฉืชื•ืช, ื”ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื“ื”ื“ ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืžืœื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืงืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืคืขืžื•ืŸ ืื˜ื•ื ืื• ื—ืกื•ื (ื›ื’ื•ืฃ ื’ื™ื˜ืจื” ื“ื—ื•ืก ื‘ื ื™ื™ืจ), ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ืขืžื•ื ื•ืงื˜ื•ื, ืื™ื ื• ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžื”ื“ื”ื“, ืืœื ื ืงื˜ืข ื‘ืŸ-ืจื’ืข. ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื’ื•ืคื ื• ืžื›ื•ื•ืฅ ื•ื—ืกื•ื, (ืžื—ืžืช ืœื—ืฆื™ื ื•ืžืชื—ื™ื) ื”ื•ื ื›ืคืขืžื•ืŸ ืื˜ื•ื: ืื™ื ื• ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ, ืžืขืฆื™ื ืื• ืžื”ื“ื”ื“ ืืช ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืœื•, ืฉื›ืŸ, ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืœื• ื ื‘ืœื ื‘ื•; ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืจืฉืžื™ื โ€“ ื ื‘ืœืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกืฃ, ื ืชืงืขื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ื•ื”ืฆืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ (ืื• ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืคื•ืš) . ื•ื›ืš ืื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื ื•ื˜ืœ ื—ืœืง ื‘ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœื‘ื•ืœื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืงื˜ืŸ (ื›ื ื’ื™ืขืช ื”ืขื ื‘ืœ) ื•ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืงื™ืฃ (ื›ืชื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ืฉืœ ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ืคืขืžื•ืŸ, ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืœืื—ืจ ื ื’ื™ืขืช ื”ืขื ื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ืคื ื•ืชื™ื•), ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื ืงื™ืฉื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื•ืงืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ, ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžื”ื“ื”ื“ื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืคื ื™ืžื”. ื•ื›ืš, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืื—ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืคื™ืกืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื—ื•ื›ืžื” ืจื‘ื”, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืœื”ื‘ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” โ€“ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืืš ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืืžืชื™ื•ืช ืžืขื˜ื•ืช, ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ, ืžื™ื“ืข ืจื‘ ืžื”ื›ื™ืœ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื—ื•ื›ืžื”.

ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขืžื•ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืฉื™ื”ื“ื”ื“ ืืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ, ื•ืœื โ€œื™ื‘ืœืขโ€ ืื•ืชื•. ื’ื ื’ื•ืคื ื• ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืš, ืืš ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื“ื”ื“ ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืืœ ืชื•ื›ื›ื™ ื ืคืฉื ื• ื”ื›ืžื”ื”, ื‘ื•ืœื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื—ืกื•ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื”ื’ื™ืข ืคื ื™ืžื”. ื›ื™ ื’ื•ืคื ื• ื ื”ืคืš ืœืžืฆื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืชืกื›ื•ืœื™ื, ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื, ืžืชื—ื™ื ื•ื—ืจื“ื•ืช, ื›ื›ื™ื•ืจ ืฉื”ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฉืœื›ื• ืœืชื•ื›ื• ืกื•ืชืžื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื•ื—ื•ืกืžื™ื ืืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื™ื. ืขื ื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื ื•ืงืฉ ืขืœ ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•, ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื ื• ื•ืขืจื•ืฆื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื•ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืื–ื™ืŸ ืœื• ื‘ืืคืจื›ืกืช ื”ื ืฉืžื”. ืืš ืœื ื›ืืœื” ื”ื ืคื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื: ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœืชื”ื•ื“ืช ืคืขืžื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืคื ื• โ€“ ืื ื• ืขืกื•ืงื™ื ืžื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืจื™ื’ื•ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืื—ืจ ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ื™ื ืขื–ื™ื ื•ืžืจื’ืฉื™ื, ืื—ืจ ืจืฉืžื™ื ืžืœื”ื™ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ (ืื—ืจ ื ืงื™ืฉื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ืคืขืžื•ืŸ) โ€“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ืงื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืคื ื™ื, ืขืœ ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื›ื™ ื”ืงืชื“ืจืœื” ืฉืœื ื•; ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื™ืงื” ื•ืคืชื•ื—ื” โ€“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื“ื”ื“ ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื”ื•ื ื—ืกื•ื ื•ื‘ืœื•ื ืžืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืชื—ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืกื›ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืœื›ื ื• ืœืชื•ื›ื•. 

ื’ื•ืคื ื• โ€“ ื›ืคืขืžื•ืŸ ืื• ื›ืงืชื“ืจืœื” ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื”ื“ื”ื“ ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” โ€“ ื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœืฉืžืฉ ืชื™ื‘ืช ืชื”ื•ื“ื”: ืœืฉื“ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื โ€“ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”, ื•ืœืžื•ืกื™ืงื”โ€ ื”ื‘ืื” ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ โ€“ ืคื ื™ืžื”. ื•ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ื•ืคื ื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืชืคืงื“ ื›ืคืขืžื•ืŸ ืชื”ื•ื“ื” ื“ื•-ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™, ืจืง ืื– ื ื•ื›ืœ, ืื•ืœื™, ืœืฉืืช ืืช ื”ืชืกื›ื•ืœ, ื”ืื™ืžื”, ื•ื”ื›ืื‘ ื•ื”ืื‘ืกื•ืจื“ ืฉืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื ื•: ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ, ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื•ืช.         

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โ€œืžืจื•ื‘ื ื• ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืชืžื“ืช, ืฉื”ื•ืขืœืชื” ืœื“ืจื’ืช ืฉื™ื˜ื”. ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืืœื ืฉื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชืš ืชื™ื ื–ืง ืื ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ืžื• ืืชื” ืื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืคืš ืžืžื” ืฉืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืื ืžื” ืฉืฉื ื•ื ืขืœื™ืš ื’ื•ืจื ืœืš ืžื‘ื•ื›ื”, ื•ืื ืืชื” ืฉืžื— ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืžื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืœื™ืš ืืกื•ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืคื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“ โ€“ ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ืฉืœื ื•, ื•ื”ื ืฉืžื” ืฉืœื ื• ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื•ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ื ื•, ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืคื™ื ื•. ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื” ืœืœื ื”ืจืฃ ื•ืœืฆืืช ื ืงื™ ืžืขื•ื ืฉโ€

ื‘ื•ืจื™ืก ืคืกื˜ืจื ื™ืงื“โ€ืจ ื–ื™ื•ื•ื’ื•.

ืฉืคืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ

ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช โ€œืฉื•ื›ื—ื™ืโ€ ืื ื• ืืช ื’ื•ืคื ื•. ืฉืคืข ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื (ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืกืžืืจื˜ืคื•ื ื™ื: ืืชืจื™ื, ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘, ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื’ืจื, ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ, ื•ื•ืื˜ืกืืค ื•ื–ื•ื) โ€“ ืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• โ€“ ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ื’ื•ืคื ื• ื ื•ืชืจ ืฉืจื•ืข ื‘ื›ื•ืจืกืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืื• ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘, ื‘ื›ื™ืกื ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“, ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืื• ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก โ€“ ื–ื ื•ื— ื•ื ื˜ื•ืฉ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉ ืขืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื•ื“ ืื—ืจ ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื—ื–ืงื™ื: ื‘ืื™ื ืกื˜ื’ืจืื ื•ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ ื‘ืกืžืืจื˜ืคื•ืŸ.

ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืœื ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื ื›ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืกื•ืคื’ ื•ืงื•ืœื˜ ืืช ืžืฉืงืขื™ ื”ืชืกื›ื•ืœ, ื”ื–ืขื, ื”ืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช, ื”ืงื ืื”, ื”ืกืคืง, ื”ืžืจื™ืจื•ืช. ื”ืžืฉืงืขื™ื ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ื”ืคื›ื™ื ืœืžืชื—ื™ื, ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื ืงื–, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืฉื—ืง ืขื“ ื“ืง. ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืžืกื›ื” ืฉืื ื ื”, ืžื“ื—ื™ืง ื”ืื“ื ืคื ื™ืžื” ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ื”ืžืฉืœื ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ.                                                               

ืืš ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืื ื• ื›ื•ืœืื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ืื ื• ื›ื•ืœืื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉ; ื•ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžื–ืจื™ืžื™ื ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ืจื™ื’ื•ืฉื™ื โ€œืงืฉื™ืโ€ ืืœ ืชืช-ื”ื”ื›ืจื”, ืื ื• ืžื–ื”ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ืื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื, ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ื”ื ืคืฉ ื•ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ ืฉื“ืจื›ื• ื ื“ื‘ืจืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื”ื ืคืฉ, ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ, ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืœ ื”ืื—ื“, ืื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืืœ ื”ืื—ืจ. ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืื™ื ื• ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื ืคืจื“, ืฉืžื‘ืœื‘ืœ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื‘ื›ืื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช. ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื—ืœื•ืŸ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ืคืœื ื•ื”ื™ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื, ื•ื–ื” ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื“ืจื›ื• ื ืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื‘ื‘ืช-ืขื™ื ื ื•, ืขื ืžื”ื•ืชื ื• ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ืขื ื–ื”ื•ืชื ื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ืขื ืชื•ื›ื ื ื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ โ€“ ืขื ื”ื ืคืฉ. ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ ืฉื“ืจื›ื• ื ืฉืงืคืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ืืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื‘ืฆืจ ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืงื•ืจืืช ืœื ื•.                                                                                                                          

ื”ืื ื ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”? ื”ืื ื ืฉื™ื-ืœื‘?                                                                                 

ื”ืื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืจืขืฉ ื”ืื“ื™ืจ ื”ื—ื™ ื‘ื’ื•ืคื ื• โ€“ ื ืฉืžืข? ื”ื ืฉืžืข ืืช ื–ืขืงืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ?                                                                                                                      

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ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™

ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื• ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื•, ื”ื, ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ืกืžืœ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืžื“ื”. ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื–ื•ืจื—ืช ืžื“ื™ ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ื›ื•ื—-ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืื™ื ื• ื ืœืื”, ื”ื’ืฉื ื ื™ืชืš ื‘ืขื•ื ืชื•, ื›ืœ ื”ื ื—ืœื™ื ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ืืœ ื”ื™ื ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ืง ืฉื•ืืฃ ืชื“ื™ืจ ืœืžื™ื ื•ืกโ€ฆ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืจื’ื™ื–ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืื• ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื ื•, ืื ื• ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื”ื’ื ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืชืžื™ื“ (ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™), ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ โ€œื›ื–ื” ืื ื™โ€, ืžืชืคืงื“ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื›ืื•ืช ืœื›ื ื™ืขืชื ื• ืœื–ื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ืจืื” ื›ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™. ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืชื•ืคืฉื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžืฉืชื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื ืจืื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื ื• ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื›ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™, ื›ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžื”ืœืš ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื ื•ืขื–, ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืชืืžืฆื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื•ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืงื“ืช.                                  

ืชืคื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื”. ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืฉืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืชื ื”ืฉื’ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•: โ€œืขื“ ืฉื™ืฉืชื ื” ืžืฉื”ื•โ€ ืื• โ€œืขื“ ืฉื™ืชื—ื•ืœืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™โ€, ื‘ืืฉืœื™ื” ืžืงื•ืจื”; ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื›ืœ ืžืฉืชื ื”, ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ. โ€œืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืœืื•ืชื• ื ื”ืจโ€ ืืžืจ ื”ืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืก ื”ืืคืœ (ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืขืชื™ืง), ืฉื›ืŸ, ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื ื• ืื™ื ื• ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื•ืื™ื ื• ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ืืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช.                                                                                                

ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื• โ€“ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื›ื•ืœื• โ€“ ืžืฉืชื ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฆืจ; (ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืžืชื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื›ืœ ื“ืงื” ื› 300 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืชืื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืžื•ื•ืช ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ื”ืงืจื•ื™ ืืคื•ืคื˜ื•ื–ื™ืก (apoptosis), ืชืื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื ืžื•ื—ืœืฃ ื‘ืชืื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืžื—ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืžืชื—ืœืคื™ื ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื›ืœ 6 ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืขื•ืžืก ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ โ€œื›ืชืคื™ื”ืโ€ ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืงืฉื” (ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ืจืขืœื™ื) ื”ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ืชื. ืชืื™ ื”ืขื•ืจ ืžืชื—ืœืคื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ืœ 2-4 ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช; ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉื’ื•ืคื ื• ืขื•ื˜ื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื“ืฉ).

ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื›ืžื” ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœื•. ืžื“ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืžืชื—ืœืคืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื• ื•ืžื“ื™ ื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื โ€“ ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ืื• ืื ืชืจืฆื• โ€“ ื›ืœ ืฉื—ื™ ืžืฉืชื ื” ื•ื›ืœ ืฉืžืฉืชื ื” ื—ื™. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื–ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ื• ื ืฉืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืžืœืžื“ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืืžืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืชื•ืคืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ื›ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื: ื”ืชืžื“ ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื”ืชืžื“ ื”ื™ื ื• ืชื—ื ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™. ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื“ื™ื ืžื™, ื”ืคื•ืกืง ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ื ืžื™ ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืคืกืงื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืื—ืช ืžืฉืชื™ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช: ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ื•ื ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืœืœื ืกืคืง, ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช.                                                                                                   

ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืฉื’ื” ื–ื•, ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœโ€ืฉื™ื ื•ื™โ€ ื›ืืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื ื•ื’ื“ ืœื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ื• ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจื™ื•. โ€œืฉื™ื ื•ื™โ€ ื›ื–ื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืชืคืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื, ืื™ื ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืžื™ืชื™, ืืœื ื˜ืจืื•ืžื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ืคื•ืจืฆืช ืฉืจื™ืคื” ื•ืžื›ืœื” ืืช ื”ื™ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ืืœื ื˜ืจืื•ืžื”, ืžืฉื‘ืจ, ื”ืœื. ื›ืืฉืจ ืงื ืื“ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื•ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ืจื›ื•ืฉื• ื•ืœืฆืืช ืœืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืื• ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ืžื”ืคื›ื”, ืื• ืœื”ื™ืคืš ืœืฆืžื—ื•ื ื™ โ€“ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ื–ื” ืžืฉื‘ืจ, ื”ืœื ืื• ื˜ืจืื•ืžื”. ื–ื” ืžื”ืœืš ืื• ืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ืขืœ ืื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ืžืจื“ ืื• ืžื—ืื”, ื”ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืชื•ืš ืื™-ืฉื‘ื™ืขื•ืช-ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืžื”ืงื™ื™ื, ื•ืœื ืžืชื•ืš ืขืฆืžื•. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืขื•ืœืœื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ื‘ืฉืื™ืคืชื ื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช, ืขื›ืฉื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื“ ื•ืœืœื ื“ื™ื—ื•ื™, ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื, ื‘ืขืฆื, ืœื—ื•ืœืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืžื™ืชื™. ื–ื” ืœืจื•ื‘ ืฆืขื“ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™, ื”ืžืชื—ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืคืชืื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื›ื•ื— ื•ืžืืžืฅ ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ื ื™ื’ื•ื“, ืื ื˜ื™ืชื–ื”, ืœืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ื•.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         

ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืขืฆื ื˜ื‘ืขื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™, ืื•ืจื’ื ื™, ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืฉืื™ื ื ื ื™ื›ืจื™ื ื›ืœืœ. ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืžืชื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžืชื—ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื‘ืช-ืื—ืช, ื›ืžื ื•ื’ื“ ืœืงื™ื™ื, ืืœื ื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™, ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืื‘ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื• ื•ืืช ืชื•ืงืคื• ืœื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืชื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ื‘ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืขื“ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืชื•, ืืœื ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื–ืจื ื”ื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืฆืžื. ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืžืชื™ ื ื™ื›ืจ ืจืง ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ืžืŸ, ืืš ืžืฉืคื™ืข ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘, ื•ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื• ืœื ื ื“ืจืฉ ื›ื•ื—, ืืœื ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื”ืชืžื“ื”. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืžืชื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉโ€ืงื•ืจื”โ€ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื โ€“ ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.                                                         

ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืชื—ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืคื™ืกื™ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ โ€“ ืืš ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœ ื’ื ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื ืคืฉ, ื•ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื” โ€“ ืฉื ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ ื›ืœืœ ื•ืขื™ืงืจ. ืขืœ ืขื•ืฆืžืชื•, ืื™ื›ื•ืชื• ื•ืจืžืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”: ืื“ื ื‘ืขืœ ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืขืจื ื™ืช ื•ืคืขื™ืœื” ื ื™ื—ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืชื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ื™, ื•ืœื ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื›ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื• ืชื“ืคื™ืกื™ื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืžืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื.                                                                                                                    

ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืจื“ื•ืžื” ืื• ืงืคื•ืื”, ืคื•ื—ืชืช ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื’ื ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื (ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืข ื—ื™ื™ื, ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื™ื ื•ื™) ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ื ื˜ื™ื™ืชื• (ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžื•ื“ืขืช, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ) ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื•ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืžืชื•ืš ื“ื•ื’ืžื•ืช ืžืงื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืชืจืฉื•. ืื“ื ื‘ืขืœ ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืขืจื ื™ืช ื•ืžืœืื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืื“ื ื‘ืœืชื™-ืฆืคื•ื™, ื”ืžื’ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืืŸ ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•; ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื’ืžื™ืฉ ื•ืจื—ื‘, ื•ืื™ื ื• ื›ื‘ื•ืœ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืชื›ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื (ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื) ื•ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื (ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช). ืื•ืœื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžืขืฆื ื˜ื‘ืขื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืขืจื ื™ ื•ืžืคื•ืชื— ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื— ืœื ื• ื›ืœืœ ื•ืขื™ืงืจ. ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ืžืืžืฅ, ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื•ื”ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœื ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ืืœื ื›ืœืคื™ ืขื™ืจื•ืจ ื•ื”ืงืฆื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœื ื•ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืขืจื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืขืจื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืชืžื™ื“ืืš ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืชื›ื•ืคื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืขืจื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ืžืฆื‘ ืคืขื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืชื•ื“ืขื”.

ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืื•ืฃ ืืœื™ื• ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืชื ืื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืืœื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื ืคืฉื™-ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™. ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืฉืื™ืคื” ืœืฆืžื•ื— ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช, ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืขืฆืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื ื•. ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ืื“ื ืœื—ืœืฅ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืžืชื•ืš ื›ื•ื—-ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ืžืงื‘ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื•, ืืžื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช, ืชื“ืคื™ืกื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืจืฉื™ื, ืจื’ืฉื™ ืืฉื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ืืœื”; ื•ืœืฉื ื›ืš ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื”ื™ืงืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื•: ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”. ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœื-ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช; ื™ืฉ ืจืง ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืื• ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”. ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืื• ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืžืชื•ืš ืกื‘ื™ืœื•ืช, ืฉื›ืžื•ื” ื›ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”. ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื•ืฆืžื™ื—ื”, ืืš ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ืจื”, ืื• ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ ืžืงืฆื” ืœืงืฆื” โ€“ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื ืจืฆื™ื” ื•ืœืžื•ื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ ื•ืจื•ื—ื ื™.                                                                                               

ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœืื™ืชื•ืจ ื”ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื›ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื•ื

ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ื ืคืฉ?                                                                                                                     

ื”ื ืคืฉโ€“ ืื™ื ื ื”, ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืื™ื ื ื”. ืจืง ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืžืžื ื” ื ื•ืชืจื• โ€“ ืžืคื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื•ื, ืงืžืฆื•ืฅ ืคื” ื•ื–ืขื™ืจ ืฉื. ื”ืชืœืงื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืขืœืžื•ืช. ืจืง ื‘ืจืžื–ื™ื.                                 

ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื›ืœืœ? ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ? ืื•ืœื™ ืกืชื ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื›ื–ื•, ื•ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ? 

ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข? ืžื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ? ืžื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ? ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื“ืข? ื•ืœืคื™ ืžื”? ื•ื”ื™ื›ืŸ? ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžืกืชืชืจืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ? ืคื–ื•ืจื” ื•ื ืขืœืžืช, ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื ื›ื—ื“ืช?                                                             

ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื                                                                                                                          

ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉื: ื–ื•ื”ืจืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช, ืืš ืจื“ื•ืžื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื—ื•ืชืœืช, ืื™ื ื” ื‘ื•ืจืงืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืื™ื ื” ืžื ืฆื ืฆืช ื‘ืืœืคื™ ื ื’ื•ื”ื•ืช, ื›ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ืืฆืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื ืคืฉ ืžืกืชืขืจืช ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ, ื‘ื—ื“ื•ื•ื”, ื‘ืขื•ื– โ€“ ืขื ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ. ืžื ืฆื ืฆืช ื‘ื ื’ื•ื”ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื, ืจื•ืงื“ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื, ืขื“ ืฉื ืžืฉืš ื‘ืœื-ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœ โ€“

ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื                                                                                                                 

ื›ืืŸ ื ื‘ืœืžืช ื”ืชืœืงื—ื•ืชื” ื”ืื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ; ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ืกื•ืก, ื›ืื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื. ื”ื ืคืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืฉื, ืืš ื›ืžื• ื–ืจืžื™ื ืขื›ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื‘ื• ื‘ื”. ื•ืขื ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืฉืคืข ืฉืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื•ืœืชืขืกื•ืงื”; ื‘ื—ืœืงืŸ ื”ื ืคืฉ ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืžืจื—ื‘ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื‘ื—ืœืงืŸ ืคื—ื•ืช, ื›ืžื•, ืœืžืฉืœ โ€“

ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ืžืกื—ืจ                                                                                                              

ื›ืืŸ ื”ื ืคืฉ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืื™ื ื ื”, ื•ืื ื”ื™ื ื™ืฉื ื”, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ืžืชื—ื‘ืืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžื ืฆื ืฆืช ื‘ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ืฆืขื™ืจ, ื”ื”ื•ืœืš ืฉื‘ื™ ืื—ืจ ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื•ื ืคืชื•ืœื™ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืกืฃ, ืื• ืฉืœ ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™, ื”ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข ื‘ืฆื“ืงืช ืžืคืœื’ืชื•; ืื• ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื”ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’. ื”ื ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ืฉื”ื ื ืœื—ืžื™ื ืœืžืขืŸ ืขื•ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืฉื, ื‘ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื‘ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืชื, ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ, ื‘ื•ืขืจืช, ื ืœื—ืžืช ื•ื—ื•ืœืžืช ืืช ื”ืžื—ืจ.                                                                                    

ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”                                                                                                

ื›ืืŸ ื”ื ืคืฉ ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช ืžืื•ื“, ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืื” ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื ืขืœืžืช. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืœื“ ื•ื”ื•ืจื”, ืื™ืฉื” ื•ื‘ืขืœื”, ืื— ื•ืื—ื•ืชื•. ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ืืŸ, ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื›ืืŸ, ืืš ื›ืืŸ ื’ื ืจื‘ื”, ืื•, ืžื” ืจื‘ื” ื”ืฉื—ื™ืงื”. ื›ื™ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื ืคืฉ ืžื•ื›ื” ื•ื ืขืœื‘ืช, ื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื•ื›ืœ ืžืชื— ืจื’ืฉื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ื•ืฆืœืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืืคืœื•ืœื™ืช ื•ืžื•ืขืงื”, ื”ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื—ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืฉ, ืœืื˜ ืืš ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื”. ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืคืœื™ื˜, ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืงืจื‘ื•ืช: ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื• ืงืจื•ืขื™ื, ื—ืœืง ืžืžื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ื• ืื‘ื“ ื‘ื”ืคื’ื–ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ืฆื•ืœืข ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™, ืžืคืœืก ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืขืœื•ืช ืžืœืื•ืช ืžื™-ื’ืฉื ื•ื”ืจื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืฆืจื™ื. ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื•ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื, ืืš ื”ื ืคืฉ โ€“ ืœื ืชืžื™ื“.

ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช                                                                                                                       

ืžืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ ื ืคืงื“ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžืŸ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช. ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื• ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™, ืจื’ื™ืฉ, ืขืฆืžืื™ ื•ื‘ืขืœ ืจืžื” ื ื‘ืœืข ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจืขืฉื” ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ, ื”ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ื—ืœืฉื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ: ืฉื•ื—ื“, ืื•ื ืก, ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ื”ืื•ื—ื–ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืœืžื•ืก ืžื›ืจื• ืืช ื ืคืฉื ื›ืขื˜ ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ืจ, ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื. ืืš ืคื” ื•ืฉื, ื‘ืžื•ืกืคื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ ืžืŸ ื”ืœื‘, ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืขื, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื•; ื›ืŸ, ืœื ื›ื•ืœื ืžื›ืจื• ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ื–ื™ื“ ื”ืขื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืขื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ื”ื™ื‘ืฉ ื•ื ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืœื—ืœื•ื—ื™ืช ื•ื”ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช. ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉืฆืžื—ื• ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขืจื›ื™ื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ืช ืฉืขืœื™ื” ืœื ื•ื™ืชืจื•, ื’ื ืื ื”ืชืžืกื—ืจื• ืžืขื˜, ื‘ืœื™ืช-ื‘ืจื™ืจื”, ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื. ื”ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืคืจื˜ื™ื–ืŸ ื•ืœื•ื—ื-ื’ืจื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉื™ื–ื ื”ืžืงื•ืคื—: ื‘ื˜ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื™ืจื™ืงืŸ, ืฉืœ ืคืจืฉืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™, ืฉืœ ืžื‘ืงืจ ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ. ืคื” ื•ืฉื ื”ื™ื ื™ืฉื ื”, ืคื” ื•ืฉื ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืฉืžืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช, ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื“ืœื•ืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ.                                                                                                        

ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื                                                                                                             

ืžืฉื ื”ื™ื ื ืขื“ืจืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœื™ืœ. ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™-ื”ื ืคืฉ: ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ื—ืกืคื•ืก ื’ืก, ื”ืžืœืžื“ ืขืœ ื ื˜ื™ืฉืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ. ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื’ื ืืœื” ื”ื ืขื™ื ื•ื ื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื›ืžื—ืื”, ื›ื™ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื ืขื ื”ืžืžืกื“ ื”ื ื•ืงืฉื” ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ืœื™ืžื“ื ืฉืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื ืคืฉ ืืœื” ื ืขื“ืจื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœื™ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืชืคืจื™ื˜ ื”ืฉื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืงืกืจืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืกื“. ืชื•ื”ื™ื ื•ืชื•ืขื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื, ื”ืžืชื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืกื•ืช-ื ืคืฉ ื’ื•ืœืžื™ื•ืช, ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืžืขื˜ ืขื“ื ื”, ืจื•ืš, ืืžืคื˜ื™ื” ื•ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช.                                                    

ื‘ืฉื™ืจื”                                                                                                                            

ื‘ืฉื™ืจื”, ื›ืŸ, ืฉื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ. ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ, ืฉื ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืœื›ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช, ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžืื•ื“, ื‘ืžืงืฆื‘, ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ื™. ืžื•ืขื‘ืจืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืขื ื•ื’ื•ืช, ืฉื“ืจื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื ืกืชืจ ื”ืฉืงื˜ ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืคืช ื•ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™.                                                                                                                  

ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช                                                                                                                           

ืฉื ืืžื•ืจื” ื”ื ืคืฉ ืœืฉื›ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื˜ื—, ื‘ืžืขื™ืŸ โ€œืžืขื•ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืชโ€โ€ฆ ืžื•ื’ื ืช ื‘ืฆืคื ื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ื•ืžืื•ื›ืกื ืช ื‘ื’ืœืจื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจืื•ืช, ื‘ื‘ืชื™-ืื•ืคืจื”, ื‘ืื•ืœืžื•ืช ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื. ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ-ืžืขื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ, ืžืขื™ืŸ ื ื•ื•ื”-ืžื“ื‘ืจืฉืžื•ืจืช-ื˜ื‘ืข. ืืš ื’ื ืฉื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืฉื•ืžืจืช ืขืœ ื”ื ืคืฉื™ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืงืคืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืœืœื• ืœื” ื”ืงื•ืžื™ืกืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช.                                                                              

ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘-ืžืื” ื”21 ื ืคืฉ ืฉืกื•ืขื”, ืžืคื•ืฆืœืช, ืžื•ืงืคืช ื‘ืื˜ื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ื™ื›ื•ืจ, ืžื•ืคื’ื–ืช ื‘ืชื™ืขื•ืฉ ื•ื‘ืžืกื—ื•ืจ. ื”ืžืงืฆื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื, ืขืฆื‘ื ื™ื™ื, ื—ืกืจื™ ื ื—ืช. ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ื•ืช, ื–ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ื•ืช, ืงืจื•ืขื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื›ืชืžื•ืช. ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืงืฉื™ื, ื ื•ืงื‘ื™ื ื•ืชื•ืงืคื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืกืจ ืืœื™ื, ืขืžื•ืก ื‘ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื, ื‘ืื™ืžื” ื•ื‘ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ.                                                                                            

ื’ื ืฉืžื•ืจืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืžืชืงืฉื” ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ืฉื•ืขื˜ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืกื‘ืชื-ื ืคืฉ, ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื, ื”ืืฃ ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืคื” ืœื–ืื‘, ื”ื ื•ื˜ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช-ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ืขืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™, ืฉื›ืœ ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื–ื•ืขืงื•ืช: ื–ืื‘, ื–ืื‘, ื–ืื‘โ€ฆ

ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื‘ื‘ืชื™-ื”ืกืคืจ                                                                                                           

ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืกืคืจ ืžื ืกื” ืœืจืงื•ื“ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืงื“ ื‘ืฆืœื™ืขื”: ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื”ื›ื ื” ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื. ืžื—ืชื•ื ื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ืฆื•ืœืข ืžืฉื”ื•, ื›ื™ ืืฃ-ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืฉืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื•ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืกืžื›ื” ืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ืžืงื“ืžื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™, ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืจืง ื‘ื™ืช-ืกืคืจ ืื—ื“ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืœื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื โ€“ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืฆืžื. ื”ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื”ืื—ืจืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื”ื›ื ื” ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื‘ืฉืœืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ ื•ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช, ืฉืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจื”, ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื˜ืคื—, ื•ื’ื ืžื—ืชื•ื ื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ืฆื•ืœืข (ื•ื”ืคืขื ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืจื’ืœื™ื•โ€ฆ), ื›ื™ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืกืคืจ, ืฉื”ื ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ื™ื (ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ โ€“ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืžื” ืฉืžื“ื™ื“ ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆืคื™ื™ื”), ื“ื•ื—ืงื™ื ืืช ืจื’ืœื™ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื™ื โ€“ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ื ืคืฉ โ€“ ืœืงืจืŸ-ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ืช ื•ื—ืกืจืช ื›ืจื™ื–ืžื” ื•ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช. ืื•ืžื ื, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื™ื ืืคืฉืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืกืคืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื—ืก ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืืœื” ื’ื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื–ืœื–ื•ืœ, ื›ืืœ ืกืจื— ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืขืฉื™.                                                                                                                   

ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”                                                                                               

ืฉื ื”ื ืคืฉ ืžื˜ื•ืคื—ืช ื•ืžืงื‘ืœืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื–ื›ืจื• ืœืขื™ืœ. ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื”ื ื›ืจ ื•ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื“ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”.                                                                  

ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื”ื“ืช, ืืžื•ืจื” ื”ื ืคืฉ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืืจืžื•ื ื•, ื›ื›ืœื” ื‘ื—ื•ืคืชื” โ€“ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื” ื•ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื•ืžื” ื•ืžืขื˜ืคืช.                                                                          

ืืš ื”ืื•ืžื ื? ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื›ื™ ื”ืžืžืกื“ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืžื•ื“ืจ ื•ื”ืกื’ื•ืจ, ื”ืงืคื“ืŸ ื•ื”ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘? ื•ื’ื ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ืจื“ืช ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื, ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉ-ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื ืœื”ื‘ ื•ืื“ื•ืง, ื”ื‘ื•ืขืจ ื‘ืื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื”, ื‘ืื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ืœืžื™ื ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžืช.                                                                                            

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ื•ืขื ื›ืœ ื–ื”, ื’ื ืื•ื“ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืœื™ื ืžืืฉ ืืœื” ื ื“ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉืงื˜ ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื”, ื›ื”ื–ื™ื”, ื›ืื’ื“ืช ื ืขื•ืจื™ื.                                                                                                                   

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โ€œืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื–ืœื–ืœ ื‘ื•. ื”ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื’ื ื”ื ื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืงื ื™ื, ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื ืœืคื“ื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ.                         

ื”ื˜ื™ืจื“ื” ื•ื”ื”ืžื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื•ืœืขื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื” ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืขืฆืžื”, ื•ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ื“ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืขื ืžื” ืฉืœืžืขืœื” ืžืžื ื•โ€

ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื›ื˜ืจ, ืจื•ื— ื•ื ืคืฉ. ืขืžโ€™ 23

ื˜ื‘ืขื ื”ืืžืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืงื•ืฉื™

ื˜ื‘ืขื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื–ืจื•ืขื™ื ืงืฉื™ื™ื: ืืžืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื: โ€œืื“ื ืœืขืžืœ ื™ื•ืœื“โ€, โ€œื‘ื–ื™ืขืช ืืคื™ืš ืชืื›ืœ ืœื—ืโ€, โ€œืขื•ืœืžื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื ืงื ื” ื‘ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ืโ€, โ€œื‘ืขืฆื‘ ืชืœื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืโ€ ื•ื›ื•โ€™. ืชืžืฆื™ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืงื•ืฉื™, ื”ืกื‘ืœ, ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื•ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช, ื•ืชืžืฆื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื, ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฉื”ื•, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืœื ืžื—ื™ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื”.                                                                  

ืขื ื–ืืช, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื” ืœืงื•ืฉื™ ื”ื™ื ืจืชื™ืขื”, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื•ืงื•ืฉื™, ืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ืคืชื™ืขื”, ื‘ืžืคื—-ื ืคืฉ ื•ื‘ืื›ื–ื‘ื”, ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฆื™ืคื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื โ€œื™ืœื›ื• ืœื ื•โ€ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช. ืื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืงืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื ื•, ื›ืŸ ื™ืขื™ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื”ืœื›ื ื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืขืœ ืžื–ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืขืœ ื’ื•ืจืœ ืžืฉื•ืคืจ. ื”ื”ื™ืชืงืœื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ื ื• ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืœืžื”ืœืš ื’ืจื•ืข, ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื’ืจื•ืขื” ืื• ืœืžื–ืœ ืจืข, ืื• ืœื›ืš ืฉโ€ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจโ€. ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื ืชืคืฉ ื›ืฉืœื™ืœื™, ื›ื’ื•ืจื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืžื ื•, ื›ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ื”. ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื.                                                                                            

ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื”ื• ื›ืฆื™ืจื™ ื”ืœื™ื“ื”, ื”ืžื‘ืฉืจื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ ืœืขื•ืœื. ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื›ืžื•ื” ื›ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืžื›ืœื ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื•ืื” ื‘ื”ืŸ. ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคื—ื•ืชื™-ื”ืขืจืš ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื‘ื ืงืœ, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืงืจื™-ื”ืขืจืš, ื”ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืžืืžืฅ ืจื‘, ืขืœ-ืืฃ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช, ืงื•ืฉื™ ื•ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืžืชื ื’ื“ ืœืš ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืŸ ืžืขื™ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืขืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ื‘ื•ื™ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืงื•ืฉื™, ื”ืžื—ื›ื” ืœืขื–ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืœื“. 

ืงื•ืฉื™ ืงื•ืจื ืœืื•ืžืฅ, ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืงื•ืจืืช ืœื”ืžืกื”.                                                        

ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืชื–ื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ืืœื ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ืกืžืŸ ื•ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ื›ื™ ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื”ืชืœื‘ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™. ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ืช ื•ื”ืื™ื ืคื ื˜ื™ืœื™ืช ื”ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืขื˜ื™ืคื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืฆืžื, ืขืฉื•ื™ ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœื”ื™ืชืคืฉ ื›ื‘ืขื™ื”, ื›ื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช. ืืš ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืขืžื•ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” โ€“ ื”ืชื•ืคืฉืช ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื, ืœืœื ืขื˜ื™ืคื•ืช โ€“ ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ืื™ื ื• ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœื ืกื™ื’ื”, ืืœื ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช, ืœืžืื‘ืง, ืœืงืจืืช ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ. 

ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื•ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืืœื ื”ืžืฉื•ื›ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื ื”ื™ื” ื ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ, ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช ื’ื™ืฉืชื ื•. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืžื™ืžื“ ื”ื—ื‘ื•ื™ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื• ื ื“ื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืขืœ ืขืจืš ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื™ืฉื•ืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.                                                                                                                 

ื›ืš, ื›ืœ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฆื•ืคืŸ, ื”ืื•ืžืจ: โ€œืจืง ื‘ืขืœื™ ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ืช, ืื•ืžืฅ ื•ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืœ ื–ื” ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืื—ืจื™ื โ€“ ื ืกื• ืฉื•ื‘, ื›ืฉืชืชื›ื•ื•ื ื• ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืชโ€ฆโ€.

ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื•ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช, ื›ื™ ืžืฉื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื”ืื“ื ืขืœ ืžื˜ืจื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™, ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืขื ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืื•ืจื—-ืจื•ื—, ืขื“ ืฉื”ื“ืœืชื•ืช ืชื™ืคืชื—ื ื”. ื›ืœ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื ื•ืฉืืช ืขืžื” ืจืžื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื ืชืžื™ืก ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืคืŸ ื”ื ื•ืงืฉื”. ืจื‘ื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื ื—ื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ื”ืคืขืœื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—. ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืงื•ืฉื™, ื ื™ืคื•ืฅ ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช. ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืžื›ืจื™ื—ื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื, ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืฉื™, ืœืคืขื ื— ืืช ืฆื•ืคืŸ ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกืชื™ืจ. ื›ืžื• ื“ื’ ื”ืกืœืžื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื—ื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ื–ืจื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืงืข ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื”.

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โ€œืืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืชื’ื™ืข ืจืง ื ื’ื“ ื”ื–ืจืโ€ 

(ืืœืžื•ื ื™)                                               

โ€œื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ืืคืฉืจื™โ€.

ื”ืจืžืŸ ื”ืกื” 

ืขืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื˜ื•ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช

ืžืื– ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื•ืขืฉืจื™ื ื’ื“ืœื” ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœืืคืœื™ื™ืช ื ืฉื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉื”ื•ื. ืื•ืœื ื—ืจื™ืคื” ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืชื”ื™ื”, ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืืคืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืืœื ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ื, ืื—ื“ ืžื ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื, ืœื—ื•ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืชืขืžื™ืง ืชื•ื“ืขืชื ื• ืœื—ืชื•ืจ ืืœ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืขื˜ื™ืคื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ื›ืŸ ื ื’ืœื” ืขื•ื“ ืขื™ื•ื•ืชื™ื, ืขื•ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืœื™ื™ื. ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืžืชื”ื“ืจ ื‘ืงื“ืžื”, ื”ื ืื•ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจื•ืช ืžื“ืขื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื›ื•ืช, ื‘ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื, ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ื“ื‘ืจืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช, ื‘ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ ืชื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ โ€“ ืืš ื”ืื•ืžื ื?                                                                                                    

ื”ืื ื—ืœ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช, ืื• ืฉืžื ืื™ืŸ ืืœื” ืืœื ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืงื•ืกืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืœืžืจืื™ืช-ืขื™ืŸ, ื”ืžืกื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืžื”ื•ืช ืœื ื”ืฉืชื ืชื” ืื•ืœื™?                  

ื ื™ืงื—, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืขืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช; ื”ืืžื ื• ื›ื™ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืขืจื•ืช, ื”ื“ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื—ืœืช ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืœื›ืœ ื ืคืฉ, ื ืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”; ื›ื™ ืื ื™ืœืžื“ื• ืœื ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื, ืืœื ืฉืชื™ื-ืขืฉืจื” ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื”, ื™ืคืกื™ืงื• ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ื•ืช ืืช ื ืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื‘ื•ืกื™ื ื•ื›ืคื™ืคื™ื ื™ืกืชื“ืจื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื™ืฆืื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื–ื• ื‘ื–ื•, ืงืฉืจื™ื ื–ื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื™ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืชืฉืชืคืจ. ืื•ืœื ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืืฃ-ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ โ€“ ื‘ืขืฆื, ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ืฉืชื ื”. ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื”ืฉื›ื™ืœื” ืœื”ื“ื—ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืคื ื™ืžื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื“ืข ื•ืžื™ื“ืข, ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืขืœื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื, ืฉืื™ื ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช. ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ืงื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืœืงืฉื•ืจ ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ืœื’ื‘ืฉ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ื—ื™ื” ื•ื ื•ืฉืžืช, ืฉืชื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช. ื–ื” ืœื.                                                                                                          

ืื•, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ; ื”ืืžื ื• ื›ื™ ื ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืžืฆืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ื—ื ื™, ื”ืฆื•ื‘ืจ ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื•ื›ื•ื— ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื, ืื ื ืžื•ื˜ื˜ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ืจื›ื™ื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” โ€“ ื”ื›ืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ื—ืœืคืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืงืฉื” ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ ื•ืคืชื•ื— ืื™ื ื” ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื“ื•ื•ืงื, ืืœื ืฉืœ ื ืกื™ื’ื”. ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ืฉื•ื ืชื” ืœื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืขืชื” ื”ืชืงืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื” ืœืžื™ืฆื•ื™ ื•ืœื”ื’ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ืœื”, ืืœื ืœื”ื™ืคืš. ืคืฉื™ื˜ืช-ื”ืจื’ืœ ื”ืขืจื›ื™ืช ื•ื”ืฉื—ืชืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื ืขืฉื• ื›ื” ื’ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืฉื›ื™ื—ื™ื, ืขื“ ื›ื™ ื ื•ืœื“ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืคืขืจ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืžืจื” ื”ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืชื™ืช ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื ืืฆืœื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื“ืœื•ื—ื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืจื•. ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื–ื ืฉืžื’ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื›ื’ื•ืœืช-ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ืžืกื•ื•ื”, ืฉืชื—ืชื™ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ื”ืชืคื•ืจืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืชืจ-ืฉืืช. ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื” ื ืื ืงืช ืชื—ืช ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ ืงืฉื”, ืื‘ืœ ืžืฆื‘ื”, ืื•ืžื” ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื, ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื ื—ื•ื’ื’ื™ื ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืœื™ื ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื•ืืช ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™-ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื™ื, ืืš ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืื™ื ื ืžื—ื–ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™, ืืœื ืœื”ื™ืคืš โ€“ ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ื ืœื”ืชืคื•ืจืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื•ืœื”ื—ืœืฉืช ื”ืฆื™ื“ื•ืง ืœืขืฆื ืงื™ื•ืžื•.          

ื’ื ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืฉื’ ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืœืœื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช-ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืคืชืจื•ื ื” ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช, ืืš ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—, ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื”ืจืขืœ ืœืคืขืคืข ื‘ืขื•ืจืงื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ื•ืœื”ืจืขื™ืœ ืื•ืชื” ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื.                                                                  

ื ืจืื” ืฉืžืฆื‘ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืฆื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืข ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช: ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ืื™ื ื”, ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืœ, ืฉื›ืŸ, ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืืžื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื—ืกืœ ืืช ื”ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื, ื”ืกืชื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ืœื ืจืง ืฉืœื ื—ื•ืกืœื•, ืืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืคืชื— ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืชื’ืœื’ืœ ื‘ื–ื ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื•ืืœื™ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.                                                                             

ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืงื“ืžื” ื•ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ื•ืœืจืกืŸ ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื–ื• ืื• ืื—ืจืช, ื•ืœืืœืฅ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื›ืš, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœื”ืฆืžื™ื— ื“ืจื›ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืžื” ืฉืจืง ืžื—ื–ืง ืื•ืชื”. ื“ื•ืžื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื’ื™ื–ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—. ื”ื’ื™ื–ื•ื ืžื—ืกืœ ืืช ื”ื ื™ืฆื ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืคื•ืจืฅ ื”ืœื‘ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืชืจ-ืฉืืช, ืžื—ื•ื–ืง ืฉื‘ืขืชื™ื™ื.                                

ืื– ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื? ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช?                                                                          

ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื’ืฉืช ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืกื‘ื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ืงืฉื•ืช ืืœื” (ืฉื›ืืžื•ืจ, ืจืง ืขื•ื˜ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื•ื” ืžืชืงื“ื, ืืš ืžื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืžื—ืฉื›ื™ื) ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ-ืฉื•ืจืฉ: ืœื ืœืกืชื•ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืจ, ืืœื ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ืจืื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช โ€“ ืขื“ ืœืฉื•ืจืฉ.                                              

ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ื™ื ื”ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื•, ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื˜ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืžืื•ืจื’ื ืช ื•ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื. ืฉื ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืืคืœื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื–ืง ืœื—ืœืฉ, ืฉื ืฆื•ืžื—ื•ืช ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช, ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื•ื•ืชื•ืช, ืฉื ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ื•ืฉื ืžืชืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช, ืืคืœื™ื”, ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™, ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ. ืฉื ื’ื ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืคืชื—ืชื™ ืžืกื” ื–ื• โ€“ ืืคืœื™ื™ืช ื ืฉื™ื. ืฉื, ื‘ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื“ื, ื ื“ื—ืง ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื ืฉื™* ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื”(ื”ืื ื™ืžื”) ื•ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืœื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื”(ื”ืื ื™ืžื•ืก) ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืชื•ืคืขื” ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•, ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื.                   

ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ืืจื›ืœื™, ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™, ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™, ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™, ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืชื™, ื”ืžื›ื ื™ ื•ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื• ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ืจืื™ ื”ืžืฉืงืฃ ืืช ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“. ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืฉื™ื, ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื, ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืžื•ื“ื—ืงื™ื ื•ืžื•ืชืงืคื™ื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื”, ื•ื ื•ืฆืจ ื—ื•ืกืจ-ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ. ืื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ืžื™ืžื“ ื”ืขื•ืžืง, ื•ืขื™ืžื• ื’ื ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืื“ื, ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืงืฉืจ ืืœื™ื”ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื ืฉื™, ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชืŸ ืœื”ืคืจื•ืช ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“, ื•ืžืฉื โ€“ ืœื”ืคืจื•ืช ื’ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื ื—ื ืงืช ื•ื ืจืžืกืช ืชื—ืช ื”ืžื’ืฃ ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ ื”ืงืฉื”.                                                                                                   

ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ืžืฆื ืื™ืคื” ืœื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืขืฆืžื” ื•ื’ื ืœื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืืœื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืื“ื ืคื ื™ืžื”, ืฉื ื ื•ืฆืจ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™. ืฉื, ื•ืœื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•, ืฉืื™ื ื• ืืœื ื”ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืจืข ื”ืคื•ืจืขื ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื•.    

ืฉื ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ, ืžืฉื ื–ื” ืฆื•ืžื—. 

ื•ืขื“ ืฉืœื ื™ืขืฉื” ื”ื™ืคื•ืš ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื–ื›ืจื™ ืฉื•ืœื˜ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื ืฉื™ โ€“ ืฉื•ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื ืืคืฉืจื™.                                                                                        

.      

ื—ืœืง ืฉืœื™ืฉื™: ืฉืขืจ ื”ื ืฉืžื”

ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืœืฉืขืจ ื”ื ืฉืžื”

ื”ื›ืœ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืฉืขืจ ื”ื ืฉืžื”.                                                                                      

ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื ื“ืœืง ื•ืžืชืœืงื—                                                                                                  

ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื ืขืจืžื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืงืœื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.                                                           

ื•ื’ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืชืœืงื— ืืฉ (ื”ื™ืฆืจ, ื”ื—ืžื“ื ื•ืช, ื”ืชืื•ื•ื”, ื”ืฉืจืจื”).

 ืื™ืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื—ืžื”, ืžืื™ืฆื”, ืžืžื›ืจืช ื•ืžื—ืฆื™ื ื” โ€“ ื’ืœื™ื” ืงืฆืจื™ื.

 ืื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉืžื” ืฆื•ื ื ืช, ืžืื™ื˜ื”, ืžืฉื—ืจืจืช, ืžืคื ื™ืžื” 

โ€“ ื’ืœื™ื” ืืจื•ื›ื™ื.

 ื•ืื™ืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืขืœื” ืœืจื•ื‘ ืืช ื ืฉืžืชื ื• ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ

 ืœืžื•ืœืš ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื ื™.                                                                                    

*

โ€œื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฉืงืคืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื ืชื•ืŸ ืืœื•ื”ื™ ื‘ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื“ืืจื•ื‘ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืืช ืœื‘ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื”ื ืื ื˜ื™-ืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื“ื ืคื•ื ื” ืคื ื™ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืžืชืงืจื‘ ืœืืœื•ื”ื™ ืฉื‘ื•. ืื“ื ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™, ืœืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืงื™ื•ืžื•, ืžืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™: ื‘ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™, ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื‘ืžื“ืข, ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื“ืข ืœืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•ืชื•, ืœืืœื•ื”ื™ ืฉื‘ืงืจื‘ื•โ€

ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื›ื˜ืจ, ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื ืคืฉ ืฉื•ืงืŸ, 1992.

ื‘ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ืจื•ื—

โ€œื”ืื“ื ืœืœื ืจื•ื—, ืœืœื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืœืœื ืืžื ื•ืช, ืจืฆื•ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื”ืžื”โ€ฆ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืื™ื ื• ื™ืงืจ ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื•, ืืœื ื›ืืคืฉืจื•ืช, ื›ื“ืจืš ืืœ ื”ืจื•ื—.โ€

ื”ืจืžืŸ ื”ืกื”, 1877 โ€“ 1963.

*

ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืžืฉืงื™ืคื” ื”ืจื•ื— ืžืจื—ื•ืง, ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช-ืขืœ ื—ืกืจืช ื“ื—ื™ืคื•ืช ื•ืœื—ืฅ. ืฉื ื ืฉืงืคื™ื ืขืžืงื™ื ืœื ื ื’ืžืจื™ื โ€“ ืžืชืคืฉื˜ื™ื ืืœ ื”ื ืฆื—.                                                      

ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืงื™ืคื” ืขืœ ื›ืœืื™ ื”ื“ื—ื™ืคื•ืช ื•ืกื•ื”ืจ ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืžืขืฆืจ ืžื ื”ืœื™. ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืฉืขื” ื•ื”ืจื’ืข, ื”ืฉื•ืขื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืช ืืœ ืขื•ื“ ืจื’ืข ื•ืขื•ื“.                      

ืืš ื‘ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื— โ€“ ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ื”ื•ื ืคืจื•ื–ื“ื•ืจ ืืœ ื”ื ืฆื— ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืืœ ื”ืื™ื ืกื•ืฃ.

 ืฉื ื”ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื”ืžืœืื•ืช, ื”ืžืชื—ื•ืœืœืช ืœื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืฉืงื˜.

 ืฉื, ื”ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืื™ื ื” ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื”, ืืœื ื”ื™ื ื ื’ื–ืจืช ื•ืคื•ืขืœ ื™ื•ืฆื ืฉืœื”.

 ื›ื™ ืฉื ื”ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ื ื™ืชื ืช ืžืขืฆื ื”ื™ื•ืชื” โ€“ ืžืงื™ืจ ืœืงื™ืจ, ืžื—ื•ืฃ ืœื—ื•ืฃ.                                                                     

ื”ื›ืœ ืžืœื ื™ืฉื•ืช, ืžืœื ืจืฉื•ืช, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.                                                                            

ื›ืŸ, ืฉื, ื›ืžื˜ื—ื•ื•ื™ ืงืฉืช ืžืืชื ื•, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืืŸ ืžืžืฉ.                                                        

ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉืขืจ ื”ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืจืื” ื•ื”ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืœื™ื”

โ€“ ื›ืืŸ ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.    

ื˜ืจื ืกื“ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช

ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืขืฆืžื. ื”ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื‘ืื™ื, ื ืขื™ื ื•ืžืฉืชื ื™ื, ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืืœ ื”ื›ืœื™ื”, ื›ื ืจ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจ ืœืžื˜ืจื”, ื•ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจื”, ื”ื•ืœืš ื–ืžื ื• ื”ืžื•ืงืฆื‘ ื•ื›ืœื”, ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืœื”.                                                                                                          

ืœืจืงื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ื”ื ื”ืžื•ืฉื ื•ืžื—ื•ื– ื”ื’ืขื’ื•ืขื™ื ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืื“ื ื”ืžื ืกื” (ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืœื•ืช) ืœื—ื‘ืง ืืช ืขืฆืžื•, ื ื›ืจืš ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื™ื“ื™ื• ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืœืžืžืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืง; ื›ืš ื”ืื“ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื•: ืขืœื™ื• ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื• ืืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ, ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื ื•ืืฉ ืœื—ืคื•ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ื“ืฉ, ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื•ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ ืฉืœืขื‘ืจื ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ืœืฆืžื•ื—, ืฉืขื™ืžื ื”ื™ื ื–ื•ืขืงืช ืœื”ืชืื—ื“; ื’ื•ื“ืฉ ื•ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืจื—ืง ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืœื ื”ื’ื•ืกืก ืฉืœ ื›ืืŸ ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.          

ื”ืื“ื ืื™ื ื• ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืืŸ ื•ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•; ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉื•ืช ื—ื•ืœืคืช, ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื‘ืžืกืข, ื”ื™ื“ืœืง ืื ืœืื•? ื”ื™ืื™ืจ ืื• ืœื ื™ืื™ืจ? ื”ื™ื’ื™ืข ืื• ืœื? ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžื—ื•ื–-ื—ืคืฅ, ื›ื™ ืื ื“ืจืš ืžืขื‘ืจ. ื•ื™ื’ื™ืข ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื• ืืœ ืืฉืจ ื™ื’ื™ืข, ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืชื”ื™ื” โ€œื–ื” ืœื ื–ื”โ€, ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืฆืžื•. ืขืœ-ื›ืŸ ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ืชืงื‘ืข ื‘ืฉื•ื ืžืžืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืืŸ ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื• ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ืชื—ื ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืืœ ื”ืžืžืฉื•ืช ื”ืืžืชื™ืช, ื”ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืžืžื“ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืขืฆืžื.       

ืื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”

ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืฉื•ื›ื ื™ื ื‘ื• ื›ื™ื•ื ื” ืžื›ื•ืจื‘ืœืช ื•ืฆื ื•ืคื” ื‘ืฉื•ื‘ืš, ืฉื•ื‘ืš ืฉืงื˜, ืžืจื•ื—ืง ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื—ื•ืฅ. ืืš ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ืœืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื™ื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช-ืžื‘ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ืคื ื™ื.                                                

ื‘ืฉืงื˜ ื•ื‘ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื•. ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืœื˜ ื•ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ ื‘ืฉื™ื-ืœื‘, ื‘ืฆื™ืžืื•ืŸ, ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืงืฉืจ ืื™ืœื ื•ื—ื–ืง, ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ืงื”, ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช โ€“ ืขื ืžื•ืฉืื™ ืชืฉื•ืžืช-ืœื™ื‘ื•.                                                                                                     

ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืžื”ืจื™ื ืœื“ืจื›ื, ืจืขืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื—ืชื ื•ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืงืœื™ื˜ืชื ืืช ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืงื˜ื” ื•ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืขืช (ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื ื•ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื).                                                

ื•ืื™ืฉ-ื”ื™ื•ื ื” ื—ื™ ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ื•, ื›ืฉื ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ ื•ื–ื•ืจื ืืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืฉืชื™ืงืชื•,                

ื•ื™ื•ื ืชื• ื”ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจืช ื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ืืœ ื™ื•ื ืชื ื”ื›ืœื•ืื” ื‘ืฉืคืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ืจื™ืฉื™ืช, ื”ืื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ื“ื•ืžื™ื™ืชื” ืืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื—ืกืจื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื‘ืจืขืฉื ื”ืจื™ืง, ืจืขืฉ ืžืจืกืง, ืจืขืฉ ืžื›ืกื”, ืจืขืฉื ืฉืœ ืกื•ื”ืจื™ื ื”ืžื’ื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื›ืœืื ืขืœ ื™ื•ื ืชื ื”ืืกื•ืจื”.                   

ื•ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื“ื•ืžื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉ-ื”ื™ื•ื ื”, ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืกื“ืจ ื™ื•ืžื. ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ื™ ืฉืชื™ืงืชื• ืื™ื ื” ืฉืชื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ืชื•ืง, ืืœื ืฉืชื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืžืœืื” ื•ืžื‘ื•ืจื›ืช, ืฉืœ ืื”ื“ื” ื•ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.                                                                                                                

ื›ื™ ื”ืจืขืฉ ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉืงื˜, ื•ื”ืฉืงื˜ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ ื•ื ืคืฆืข ืชื—ืช ื”ืจืขืฉ ื”ื›ื‘ื“โ€ฆ ื•ื›ืš ื”ื ื—ื•ืœืคื™ื ื–ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื–ื” โ€“ ื›ืžืฆื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ืจื” ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœืฃ ื“ืจืš ืžืฆื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ืจื” ืžื•ืฆืง.                  

ื•ืื™ืฉ-ื”ื™ื•ื ื” ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืจืขื•ื ื‘ืฉืชื™ืงืชื• ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ืช โ€“ ื‘ื•ื“ื“, ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื•ืขืœื•ื.                    

 ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ืจื•ื—

ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืื“ื ืคื ื™ืžื”, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•, ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื–ื™ืจืช ืžืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช: ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ื›ื•ื— ื”ืจื•ื—.                                                                                    

ื•ื›ืžื• ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช, ื ืฉืืœืช ื”ืฉืืœื”: ืžื™ ื™ื ืฆื—? ืžื™ ื™ื’ื‘ืจ?                          

ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื’ื™ืจื•ื™, ืžืฆื™ื’ ืคื™ืชื•ื™ ื•ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืืคื™ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ื—.                                                          

ื”ืจื•ื— ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ื’ืขื’ื•ืข, ืžืฆื™ืชื” ื›ืžื™ื”ื” (ืœื‘ืœืชื™-ืžื•ืฉื’) ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืงืจื™ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžืงื™ืฃ ื•ืกื•ื’ืจ ืขืœื™ื”.                                                                                        

ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื•ื”ืจ.                                                                                                                

ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ื™ื ื”ื ืกื™ื›ื” ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื”.                                                                                                  

ืจื‘ื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืื’ื“ื•ืช, ื”ืžืฉืœื™ื ื•ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื”: ื”ื ืกื™ื›ื” ื”ื–ื›ื” ื•ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžื•ืฉื’ืช, ื”ื›ืœื•ืื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืžื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืจื” ืืคื™ืœื” ื•ืงื•ื“ืจืช. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืขื“ื™ื”, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขื– ื•ื”ืืžื™ืฅ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ืžื“ื•ื—ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื, ืขื“ ืฉื™ื”ื ืžื–ื•ื›ืš ื“ื™ื• ืœื’ืื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืžืชื•ื›ื›ื™ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื ื•ืช. ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืกื•ืคืจ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืจโ€™ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืžื‘ืจืกืœื‘: โ€œืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืื‘ื™ื“ืช ื‘ืช ื”ืžืœืšโ€.  

ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืช ื™ืฉ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื˜ืจืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืฆืœื™ื™ืŸ (ื”ื ื•ืกืข ืœืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื•ืื”) ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืงื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื“ื•ื—ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ, ืœืฉื™ื ืกื™ื™ื’ ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ื•ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื™ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืžืจื ื•ืช ืžืคืขื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื.                                                                                           

ืคื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื, ืœืคื™ืชื•ื™ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื ื•ืช, ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ื โ€“ ืฆืจื›ืŸ ื”ืขื™ื ื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื”ื”ื ืื•ืช โ€“ ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื ืืชื•, ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืฉื•ื‘ืขื ื•ืชื•, ืœืขื ื’ ืื•ืชื• ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื›ืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื™ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื โ€“ ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืžืื›ืœ ืžื’ืจื”, ืžื™ืŸ ืžืคืชื”, ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืžื”ื ื”, ืฉืจืจื” ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช ืื• ื›ืกืฃ โ€“ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™, ื”ืžืชื—ืœืฃ, ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ, ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ื•ื”ืžืชื›ืœื”: ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ.                                                                                                                         

ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืœืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ืื—ืช, ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืฉืชื ื” ื•ื ืฆื—ื™ืช. ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžืขืžื™ื“ื” ืคื ื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื” ืžืชื™ื™ืคื™ื™ืคืช, ืื™ื ื” ืžืชืืžืฆืช ืœืคืชื•ืช ื•ืื™ื ื” ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืขืฆืžื” ืœืจืื•ื•ื”. ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื, ื•ื”ืื“ื ื”ื—ืคืฅ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืขื“ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื—ืœืฅ ืžืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืฉื•ืื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื™ืคืš ืœื›ื•ื— ืžื ื™ืข ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ, ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœ ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืžืกืคืงืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืื•ืœ ืืช ื ืกื™ื›ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืชื• ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื ื•ืช.                                                                                              

ืืš ืขื ื–ืืช, ืืœ ืœื•, ืœื ื•ืกืข ืืœ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช, ืœื”ืชืžื›ืจ ืœืฉืื™ืคื” ืœืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ืฆืจื•ืคื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ื•ืชืžื™ื“ื™ืช. ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ืจืช-ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื, ื›ื™ ืื™ื ื” ื‘ืช-ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ. ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื•ื—, ื•ืฉื ื™ืช, ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ ื•ืžื•ืฉืœื ืขื ื”ืจื•ื—.                                                

ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืง ื•ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืื“ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืฉืชื•ืงืง ืชืžื™ื“, ืœื›ืžื•ื”, ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื›ืžื•ื” ื•ืœื”ืชื’ืขื’ืข ืืœ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ โ€“ ืขื“ ื›ืœื•ืช.    

 ืœื”ืชืžืจื“ ื ื’ื“ ืจื•ื“ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ืœืฉื™ืจ ืžืชื•ื›ื• ืืœ ื”ืจื•ื—.                                                           

ื•ื›ืš ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืชื— ื”ืžืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื•ื— ื”ืจื•ื—. ื•ื’ืื•ืœื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืชื’ื™ืข ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžืชื— ืœื ืžืชื•ืš ื ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื— ืœื‘ื“ื”, ื–ื• ื”ื—ื™ื“ื”.  

ืœื ืœื—ื™ื ื ื‘ืื” ื”ืจื•ื— ืœืฉื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ. ืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืข ืœื•, ืืœื ืฉื“ืจื›ื• ื•ืœืžืจื•ืชื• โ€“ ืชื’ื™ืข ื”ื”ืืจื”.                                                                                                                           

ืื ื™ ื•ืืœื•ื”ื™ื

ืื ื™ ื•ืืœื•ื”ื™ื.                                                                                                                 

ื”ื›ืœื•ื ื•ื”ื›ืœ, ื”ื”ืจืฃ-ืขื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื ืฆื—, ื”ืืคืกื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืœืžื•ืช.                                                        

ืื ื™ ื•ืืœื•ื”ื™ื.                                                                                                                     

ืื ื™ ื•ืืœื•ื”ื™ื.                                                                                                                          

ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืกืข, ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืื•ืชื” ื ืฉื™ืžื”, ืœืฉื ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื” ื ืฉืžื”.                                   

ืœื™ ื•ืœืืœื•ื”ื™ื.                                                                                                                           

ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื•ืื ื™.                                                                                                                        

ืžืื›ืœืกื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืขื•ืœื, ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ื•ืจื โ€“ ืื ื™ ื›ื ื‘ืจื, ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืฆืจ โ€“ ืื ื™ ื›ื ื•ืฆืจ.                       

ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื•ืื ื™.                                                                                                                     

ืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ื–ื” ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื• โ€“

ื•ืื ื™ ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ ืœื-ื›ืœื•ื, ื•ืื ื™ ืœื-ื›ืœื•ื,                                                                                   

ื•ื›ื•ืœื™ ืขืคืจ ื•ืกื•ืคื™ ืขืคืจ โ€“ ืืœื™ื• ืื ื™ ื ื•ืกืข ื•ืฉื‘.                                                                         

ื•ื—ื™ื™ื• โ€“ ื—ื™ื™, ื•ื—ื™ื™ ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื•.                                                                                                    

ื•ืฆืœื• โ€“ ืฉืžืฉื™, ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืงื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื• โ€“ ืžืฆื™ืช ืื•ืชื™.                                                               

ืžืฆื™ืช ืื•ืชื™ ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื,                                                                                                               

ื‘ืืฉ ื™ื•ืงื“ืช, ืืฉ ืœื•ื—ื›ืช,                                                                                                     

ืืฉ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื.   

ืฉืœื•ื•ื”

ืฉืœื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื ืงืฆืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช.                                                                                             

ื˜ื™ืคื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžื ื•ื’ื“.*                                                                                                              

ืฉืื ืœื ื›ืŸ, ืชื•ืงืคื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื“ืจื›ื: ืฉื•ืขื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืจืงื™ื, ืžืคืจื›ืกื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื‘ื™ื, ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื โ€“ ื‘ื”ืฉืชื•ืœืœื•ืช ืคืจืื™ืช ื•ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžืจื•ืกื ืช, ืžืจืกืงื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืœ ืกืœืข ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื”.                                                                                             

ืืš ื”ืฉืœื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื ืงืฆืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช. ื›ืŸ, ืžืชืขืจืกืœืช ืงืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื, ื ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืฆื ื ืช ืืช ืงืฆื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื. ื ื—ื” ืงืžืขื” ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ื•ื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื, ืฆื•ื‘ืจืช ืขื•ืฆืžื” โ€“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืขืจื” ืœืกื•ืคื”.                                                                                                                 

ื”ืฉืœื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื ืงืฆืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช. ืžืจื›ื›ืช ืืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ืฃ, ื”ื‘ื•ื˜ื”, ื”ืžืื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ, ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืจ ื•ื”ืขื“ื™ืŸ. ืžืžืœืืช ื•ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ โ€“ ืœื ื•ื— ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•, ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื‘ื™ืช, ืžืคืœื˜ ืžื”ืื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืจ ื•ื”ืืชืžื•ืœ, ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช, ื”ื”ืชืงืจื ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ื–ื“ืื‘ื•ืช,** ื”ืžื–ื ืงื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ืคืงืง ืชื ื•ืขื”, ืžื›ืœ ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื•ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.            

ื›ืŸ, ื›ืš, ืœื ื•ื— ืจื’ืข, ืœื ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื ื”ืจื—ืง ืžื”ื, ืืœื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื: ืœื ืกื•ืข ืขื ื˜ื™ืค-ื˜ื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืืœ ื”ืฉืงื˜ ืฉื‘ืชื•ืš ืกืขืจืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื. ืขื“ ืฉื ืฉืงื•ื˜, ืขื“ ืฉืœื ื ื—ื•ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืœืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ื”ืœื” ื•ื”ื—ืจื“ื”.                                                                                                            

ืงืฆืช ืฉืœื•ื•ื”.                                                                                                                  

ืชื–ื›ื•ืจืช ืงื˜ื ื” ืœืื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืฉืขื•ื“ ืชื’ื™ืข.                                                                  

*ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ืจืื” โ€œื”ืื ื˜ื™ืชื–ื” ื›ื™ื“ื™ื“โ€ ื‘ืฉืขืจ ื”ื“ืขืช.                                               

** ืจืื” โ€œื”ืคื™ื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืœื–ืื‘โ€ ื‘ืฉืขืจ ื”ืงื™ื•ื.  

ื‘ืฉื‘ื—ื™ ื”ื–ืขืงื”*

ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชื™ืง ืื•ืชื”.                                                                                         

ื’ื ืื ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืคืชื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ืงื•ืช โ€“ ื”ื™ื ืชื‘ืขื‘ืข.                                                          

ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื›ื—ืฉ ืœื”, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžืžื ื”, ืืš ืœื”ืฉืชื™ืง ืื•ืชื” โ€“ ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ.          

ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืœื”, ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ื—ื“ืจื™-ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื•ื ื•ืงื‘ืช ืžืื•ื“. ื‘ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื›ืื‘ ื—ื“, ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืœ ื˜ื•ืจื“ื ื™, ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื” ืจืขื‘ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื•, ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ื‘ื ืคืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื ื” ื”ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ืœื”ื‘ื ื”, ืœืงืจื‘ื”, ืœืื”ื‘ื”, ืœืชืฉื•ืžืช-ืœื‘, ืœืืžืช, ืœื”ื’ืฉืžื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช.                

ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื–ื•ืขืง ื–ื” ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื–ืขืงืชื• ืื™ื ื” ื ืฉืžืขืช.                                                

ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉืชืงืชื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืคื™ื˜ื•ื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื, ืขื“ ืฉื”ื–ืขืงื” ืื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืคืข ื•ื”ื”ืžื•ืœื”. ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืืœืคื™ ื‘ื -ืื“ื ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžืื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข, ื–ืขืงืชื• ื”ืื™ืœืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ โ€“ ืœื—ื•ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช โ€“ ืื™ื ื” ื ืฉืžืขืช.                                                                                                                 

ืืš ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชื™ืง ืืช ื”ื–ืขืงื”, ื›ื™ ื’ื ืื ืื™ื ื” ื ืฉืžืขืช, ื”ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžืช, ื•ื’ื ืื ืื™ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื ืืœื™ื” ืœื‘, ื”ื™ื ืคื•ืœื—ืช, ื•ื’ื ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืžืขื ื”, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื“ืจืช ื”ื™ื ืื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ืโ€ฆ

ืขืœ-ื›ืŸ ื™ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื— ื–ืขืงืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ืฆืŸ, ื”ืฉื™ื›ื•ืจ, ื”ื ื˜ื•ืฉ, ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“, ื”ืื™ืœื ื•ื”ืžื ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ืคืชื™, ื”ืื‘ื•ื“, ื”ืžื—ืคืฉ ื•ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืฉืื•ืœโ€ฆ

ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื•ื‘ืฉ ืฆื•ืจื” ื•ืคื•ืฉื˜ ืฆื•ืจื”, ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื, ื“ื•ืจ ื ื•ืœื“ ื•ื“ื•ืจ ื›ืœื”, ื•ื”ื–ืขืงื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื ืžืฉื›ืช, ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ืžืชืขืฆืžืช, ื‘ืฉืงื˜ ื‘ืฉืงื˜, ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•ืจื—ื•ืง ืจื—ื•ืง, ืฆื•ื‘ืจืช ื”ื™ื ืชืื•ืฆื”, ืฆื•ื‘ืจืช ื›ื•ื—.                                                                                             

ืงืคื™ืฅ ืขื ืงื™, ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ, ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื ื“ื—ืก, ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื ื“ืจืš โ€“ ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื.                                   

*

*ืจืื” โ€œืœื™ืกื” ื”ืขืฆื•ื‘ื”โ€ ื‘ืฉืขืจ ื–ื”.   

ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื

ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื ื•ืชื ืช ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ืงืœื•ืช, ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืืžื ื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื ืจื›ืฉืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืืžื•ื ื” ืื• ืžืฉืืœืช-ืœื‘. ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ืื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™-ื”ื’ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืœื”: ื”ืกื‘ืœ, ื”ื›ืžื™ื”ื”, ื”ืชืžื™ื”ื”, ื”ื”ืฉืชื•ืงืงื•ืช, ื”ืฉืื™ืคื” ืœืžืฉืžืขื•ืช. ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ืฉ โ€œืืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืโ€, ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื‘ืขืœื™-ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื: ืœืžืฉืœ, โ€œืกื•ื—ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืโ€ ื•ื’ื โ€œืžื”ื ื“ืก ื”ื—ื™ื™ืโ€. ืกื•ื—ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืฉื ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ, ืžืชืžืงื— ื•ืžื•ื›ืจ (ืืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื•, ืงืกืžื•, ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื•) ื‘ื™ื•ืงืจ ื•ืงื•ื ื” (ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ, ืจื™ื’ื•ืฉ, ื”ื ืื”, ื™ื•ืงืจื”, ื›ื‘ื•ื“) ื‘ื–ื•ืœ. ืžื”ื ื“ืก ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื•ื ื” ืœืขืฆืžื• ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ, ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื•ืžืกื•ื•ื” ืขืจืžื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืกื•ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื’ืŸ.                           

ื•โ€ืืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืโ€? ืืžืŸ ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ื”ืกื‘ืœ, ืืช ื”ืื‘ืกื•ืจื“, ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ, ืืช ื”ืื™ืžื”, ืืช ื”ืจื™ืงื ื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืจ, ื•ืœืฉ ื•ืžืขืฆื‘ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉืืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืืฃ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข. ื›ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™, ืžืฆื•ื™ ืืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” โ€“ ืฉืžืขืฆื ืžื”ื•ืชื” ืื™ื ื” ื ื’ืžืจืช ืœืขื•ืœื. ืืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื•ื’ืข ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืžื—ืคืฉ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืื”, ื•ืืช ื”ืžืืจื’ ื”ื‘ื ืฉื™ื”ื•ื•ื” ื ื“ื‘ืš ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžื™ืžื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื•, ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื• โ€“ ื—ื™ื™ื•.                                                             

ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ื”ืืžืชื™ืช

ื”ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ื”ืืžืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื, ืœื ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื ืจืื™ื ืœื ื•. ื”ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ื”ืืžืชื™ืช ื˜ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช โ€˜ืจื ื˜ื’ื ื™ืชโ€™ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื”ื—ื•ื“ืจืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืกื›ื•ืช ื•ืœื›ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื, ืœื–ืžื™ืŸ, ืœืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื• ื•ืœืฉื’ืจืชื™ ื•ืžื’ืœื” ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืืžืชื™ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื ืกืชืจืช ืžืŸ ื”ืขื™ืŸ. ืจืง ืจืื™ื™ื” ื›ื–ืืช ืชื’ืœื” ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ืฉื” ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื›ื™ ื”ืงื•ืคืกื”, ืืช ื”ืคื™ืœ ืฉื‘ืžืขื™ ื”ื ื—ืฉ, ืืช ื”ื ืกื™ืš ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื˜ื˜ ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื’ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื.                                                                                                                     

ื•ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ: ื›ื™ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืฉืชื™ืงื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื™ืœื™ื, ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืื•ืจ, ื›ืš                            

-ื”ืจื™ืงื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื›ื™ ื”ืžืœืื•ืช,                                                                                                    

-ื”ื ืฆื— ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื—ื•ืœืฃ,                                                                                                               

-ื”ืืžืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื›ื™ ื”ืฉืงืจ,                                                                                                         

-ื•ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.                                                                                                      

ื›ืš ื”ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ื”ืืžืชื™ืช โ€“ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™, ืžืขื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื›ื™ ื”ืงื™ื™ื, ื”ื—ื•ืœืฃ ื•ื”ืžืชื›ืœื”.                      

*

โ€ ื”ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ืื™ื ื” ื ืœืžื“ืช ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ื‘ืชื™-ืกืคืจ, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืžื”ืื—ื“ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ. ื”ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ, ืื™ื ื” ื–ืงื•ืงื” ืœื”ื•ื›ื—ื”, ื”ื™ื ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืขืฆืžื”โ€

ื•ื•ืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืžืŸ, ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื”        

    ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ืกืจ

ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื—ืกืจ ืžืฉื”ื•, ืžืฉื”ื• ืื™ื ื ื•.                                                                            

ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื”, ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ, ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”, ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ืฉื ืฉืœื— ืืชืžื•ืœ โ€“ ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ืกืจ, ืžืฉื”ื• ืื™ื ื ื•.                                                                                           

ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื›ืœ ื™ืฉื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืจื•ืขืฉ, ืงื•ืœื ื™, ื›ื•ื—ื ื™ ื•ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื—ืกืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.                                                                                                                            

ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืฉื ื• ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื•ืžืกื•ื•ื” ืœื–ื” ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ื ื•, ืœื–ื” ืืฉืจ ื—ืกืจ. ื•ื–ื” ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ืžืฉืคื™ืข ื•ืื—ืจืื™ ืœืžื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ.                                                                        

ืœื ื–ื” ืฉื–ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืฉื›ื™ื— ื•ื’ืœื•ื™, ืืœื ื–ื” ืฉื ื“ื™ืจ ื•ื ืกืชืจ, ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืข, ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ืฉ ื”ืืžืชื™.                                                                                                                   

ืžื” ืžื•ื–ื ื—? ืžื” ืœื ื ืืžืจ? ืžื” ืœื ื ืขืฉื”? ืžื” ืื™ื ื ื•?                                                 

ืžื” ื—ืกืจ? ื›ื” ื—ืกืจ โ€“ ืฉื–ื” ื›ื•ืื‘.                                                                                    

ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉื ื• ืžืชืจื‘ื” ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช, ืงืœ ืœื”ืฉื’ื”: ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื’ืกื•ืช, ืงื•ืœื ื™ื•ืช, ืฉืขืžื•ื, ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช, ื‘ื•ื˜ื•ืช, ื”ืฉื’ืจื”, ืžื•ื ื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื, ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื•ืช, ื—ื•ืกืจ ืคืฉืจ ืงื™ื•ืžื™, ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช. ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžืชืจื‘ื” ื•ืžื›ืกื”, ืขื•ื“ ื˜ืคื— ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉืขืœ, ืขื“ ืฉืฉื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื” ืฉืžืชื—ืช: ืืช ื”ื ื“ื™ืจ, ืืช ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™, ืืช ื”ืฉืงื˜; ืืช ื”ืฉืงื˜ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื, ืฉื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื ื•, ืฉื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื•ื—.    

     ืืš ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื’ืœื•ื™ ื•ื—ื•ื’ื’ ื‘ืจืืฉ-ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช, ืคื–ื•ืจื™ื ืจืžื–ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืœืฉื™, ืกื™ืžื ื™-ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืœื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ, ืœื ืกืชืจ ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ืฉื™ืฉื ื•ืชื• ื”ื ืขื“ืจืช ืขื™ืฆื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ ื•ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืžืช ื–ื” ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ืขืช.                    

ื“ื•-ื—ื™ื™ื

ืื ื• ืฉื•ืงืขื™ื โ€“ ื›ืงืจืคื“ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช, ืืœ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ืžื™ ืชื•ื“ืขืชื ื•, ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื ืžื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ื–ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.                                                                                                                              

ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื โ€“ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื”ื ืคื ื˜ืกื™ื”, ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”, ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”. ื•ื›ืš ืื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื, ืชื—ืช ื”ืžื™ื, ืฉื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื•ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื ืงื™.                                                         

โ€ ื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื ืขืฆืžื ื•. ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืขื ืขืฆืžื ื• ื›ื‘ืžืจื›ื‘ื”, ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื˜ื•ืก.โ€

ืคโ€™ ื“โ€™ ืื•ืกืคื ืกืงื™, ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช. ืขโ€™ 49  

ื•ืžื” ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื

ื”ื“ื™ื›ื•ื˜ื•ืžื™ื”                                                                                                                    

ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืจื•ืื” ืืช ืืฉืจ ืœืคื ื™ื• ืื• ืื™ื ื• ืžืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœืืฉืจ ื ืืžืจ ืœื•, ืื—ืจืื™ ืœื›ืš ื—ื•ืกืจ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืŸ ืื—ืช ืœืื—ืจืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื–ืŸ ืื—ืช ืœืื—ืจืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื— ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืžื— ืฉืžืืœ.  

ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ืจื’ืœ ื”ืื—ืช โ€œืชืงืฉื™ื‘โ€ ืœืื—ืจืช, ื•ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ืชื ืกื™ื ื” ืœืœื›ืช ื™ื—ื“โ€ฆ

ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื“ ื”ืื—ืช โ€œืชืงืฉื™ื‘โ€ ืœืื—ืจืช, ื•ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ืชื ืกื™ื ื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•โ€ฆ

ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืขื™ืŸ ืื—ืช โ€œืชืงืฉื™ื‘โ€ ืœืื—ืจืช, ื•ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ืชื ืกื™ื ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื™ื—ื“โ€ฆ

ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื•ื–ืŸ ืื—ืช โ€œืชืงืฉื™ื‘โ€ ืœืื—ืจืช, ื•ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ืชื ืกื™ื ื” ืœื”ืื–ื™ืŸ ื™ื—ื“โ€ฆ

 ืžืชื—ื–ืงืช ื”ืจื’ืœ ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจืช, ื”ื™ื“ ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ืžืชืขืฆืžืช ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจืช, ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื–ืงื”, ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ื”ื—ื–ืงื”โ€“ ืฆื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช.                                    

ื”ืกื™ื ืจื’ื™ื”                                                                                                                        

ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืคืงืขืช ืžืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืžืœื›ืชื•, ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืžืื‘ืง ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื— ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ ืœื›ื— ื”ื ืฉื™ ื”ืจืš ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ืœ (ืฉื‘ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื›ื— ื”ื—ื–ืง ืžื ืฆื—), ื ืคื’ืžืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื.                                   

ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืง โ€“ ืžื•ืœ ื”ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ืœืืคืฉืจ ื—ื•ืœืฉื”; ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฉื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื• โ€“ ื‘ืžื™ืŸ, ื‘ืจื’ืฉ ื•ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” โ€“ ื‘ื“ื•-ืงื™ื•ื ืžืื•ื–ืŸ. ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ; ืœื‘ืœ ื™ืฆืžื— ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืง ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœืฉื”; ืœื‘ืœ ื ื”ืคื•ืš ืœื‘ื ื™-ืขืจื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ (ื™ืื ื’).                                                                                         

ืฉื›ืœ, ืจื’ืฉ ื•ืžื™ืŸ ืžืื•ื–ื ื™ื, ืฉืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžืœื ืœื ืจืง ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืืœื ื’ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ โ€“ ื™ื–ื›ื• ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืžืจื›ื–-ื›ื•ื‘ื“, ืฉื™ื“ืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช (ื•ืœื ืจืง ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ), ืืช ื”ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ (ื•ืœื ืจืง ืœืฉืžื•ืข), ืืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข (ื•ืœื ืจืง ืœืคืขื•ืœ) ื•ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืœืœื›ืช (ื•ืœื ืจืง ืœืฆืขื•ื“) โ€“ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืืœื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืœืœื›ืช, ืืœ ื”ืžื˜ืจื”.  

          ื“ืจืš ื”ืœื•ื—ื                     

ืžื›ืœ ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืžื›ืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆื ืื“ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ.                                              

ืœื ืžื ืฆื—, ืœื ืžื ื•ืฆื— โ€“ ืจืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ื”ื•ื ื ืขืฉื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืขืฆื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื˜ืœ ื‘ื–ื” ื—ืœืง, ืขืžื“ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืฉืจื“ ื›ืื“ื.                                                                                  

ื•ืื ื™ืฉืชืžื˜ ืžืขื™ืžื•ืช, ื™ื‘ืจื— ืžื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช โ€“ ืชืฉืชื•ื—ื— ืงื•ืžืชื• ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื ื™ืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ, ื™ืชื’ืžื“, ื™ืื‘ื“ ืžืฉื™ืขื•ืจ-ืงื•ืžืชื•.                                                                                

ืขืœ-ื›ืŸ ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื”, ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช. ื›ืคื™ ืฉืขื™ื ื™ื ื• ื ื–ืงืงื•ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืฆืจื™ื‘ืช ื”ืื•ืจ, ืจื’ืœื™ื ื• ืขื ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื•ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื•ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื• ืขื ืขื•ืžืก ื•ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื, ื›ืš ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืื ื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช, ืœื”ืชืขืžืชื•ืช ืขื ืงืฉื™ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื*.                                               

ืžื–ืžืŸ ืœื–ืžืŸ, ืžืชืงื•ืคื” ืœืชืงื•ืคื”, ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื—ืœืฅ ืขืฆืžื• ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืืจื™ื–ื” ื”ื ื•ื—ื”, ื”ืžื”ื•ื’ื ืช, ื”ืงื•ืจืงื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ื–ืขื™ืจ-ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื’ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื•, ื•ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืœื•ื—ื ื”ื˜ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื•. ืœืชืช ื“ืจื•ืจ ืœื›ื•ื— ื”ืคื•ืจืฅ ืžืžื ื• โ€“ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื•ื—ืกืจ ืคืฉืจื•ืช โ€“ ื›ืฉื“ ืฉื—ื•ืœืฅ ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง, ื•ื”ื ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื“ืœ, ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืชืขืฆื. ื›ื›ืœื‘ ืžื‘ื•ื™ืช ืฉื ืฉื›ื—ื” ืžืžื ื• ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคืจืื™ืช, ื ืคืฉ ื”ื–ืื‘ ืฉื‘ืคื ื™ื. ื•ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ืฉ ื‘ื–ืื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืืœ ื”ืฉื’ืจื” โ€“ ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื™, ืฉืœื™ื• ื•ืจื’ื•ืข ืžืชืžื™ื“; ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื›ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื•ืจืขื ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ืฆืžืชื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช.                                                                                                    

ื›ืš, ืืœ ืœื• ืœืื“ื ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืœืขืฆืžื• ืœื”ืชืงื‘ืข, ืœื”ืฉืชื‘ืœืœ ืžื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื’ืจื” ื”ืžื ื•ื•ื ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื•, ืฉืžื ื™ืชืจื›ืš ื•ื™ืฉืงืข ื›ืชืคื™ื—ื” ืฉื•ื•ื™ืชืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ืžืืชื’ืจ ื•ื”ืงืฉื” ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื”. ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื, ืขืœื™ื• ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืืช ืงืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื• ื•ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• (ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื ื‘ืื™ื ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช). ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืฉืœื™ืš ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืฉื’ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ืœืฆืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”, ื›ืื‘ื™ืจ ืžื™ืžื™-ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื—ืคืฉ ืืช ื”ื ืกื™ื›ื” ื”ื›ืœื•ืื”, ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ื”ื ืชื•ื ื” ื‘ืฆืจื”; ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืืช ื–ื”ื•ืชื• ื”ืืžืชื™ืช, ื–ื• ืฉื˜ื•ืื˜ืื” ืืœ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžืกื›ื”, ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ ืœืฉื’ืจื” ืขื ืฉื ื™ื”ื: ืขื ื–ื”ื•ืชื• ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืขื ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื”ืฉืงื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื—ื ืฉื‘ื•. 

https://tinyurl.com/y69ffbn9

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โ€œื”ืœื•ื—ื ืœื•ืžื“ ืœื ืฆืœ ื›ืœ ืžืฆื‘ ืงืฉื” ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื”, ื›ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืžืชืขืœื” ืขืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื•ื”ื“ื—ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืื‘ ื•ื‘ืขื•ื ื’ ืฉืœื• ื›ืื ืจื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื•. ืžื” ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื“ื ืจื’ื™ืœ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืืกื•ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืœื•ื—ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื ืคืœืื” ืœืกื’ืœ ืœืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ, ืื•ืจืš ืจื•ื—, ืชื•ืฉื™ื™ื” ื•ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืชโ€ฆโ€

ืืจื™ื” ื™ืขืงื•ื‘ ืœื™ื™ื‘ื“ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืืŸื”ื•ืฆืืช ื’ืœ, 1993, ืขืžโ€™ 104

*ืจืื” โ€œื˜ื‘ืขื ื”ืืžืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืงื•ืฉื™โ€ ื‘ืฉืขืจ ื”ื“ืขืช.     

ื‘ืฉื‘ื—ื™ ืชื ื•ื—ืช ื”ืœื•ื—ื

ืœื ื—ืกืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื ื• ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฆืืช ื‘ืขื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื. ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื ื•ืกืคืช ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืจืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื–ื” ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื™ื–ืจืง ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื โ€“ ื›ืคื—ื™ืช ืžืฉืงื” ืจื™ืงื”; ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืืคืœื™ื”, ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื•ื”ืชืขืœืœื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืฉื™ื; ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืืœืฅ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืœืฉืืช ืืช ื”ืจื•ื“ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื–ืง, ื”ื‘ื•ื˜ื”, ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืœ, ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืชื ืฉื. ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืจืฉื” ืœื’ืกื•ืช, ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข, ืœืฉื’ืฉื’ ื•ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื. ื•ืฉื“ื”-ื”ืงืจื‘ ื ืžืฆื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ื›ื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืžืจื™ืžื•ืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืืช ืจืืฉืŸ ื”ืžื›ื•ืขืจ.                                  

ืžื” ื ื•ื— ืœื”ืคื ื•ืช ืขื•ืจืฃ, ืœื”ืขืœื™ื ืขื™ืŸ โ€“ ืืš ื‘ื›ืš ื’ื ืœื”ื™ืคืš ืœืžืขื™ืŸ ืžืฉืชืฃ-ืคืขื•ืœื”.* ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื”ืฉื•ืืฃ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื ืงื™ ื•ื™ื‘ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืœื•ื›ืœืš ื•ืจื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ืขื•ืœืžื ื• ืžื‘ื˜ื ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืืžืช-ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืื“ื, ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื ื•ืฉ.

ื›ืฉืื“ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื ื’ืข ืื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ื” ืขืžื“ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”, ื”ื•ื ืฆื•ืžื— ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ-ื”ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื•, ื”ื•ื ืฆื•ืžื— ื›ืื“ื.                                                         

ืืš ืื ื”ื•ื ืžืคื ื” ืืช ืžื‘ื˜ื•, ืžืขืœื™ื ืขื™ืŸ, ื•ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื•: โ€œื–ื” ืœื ื›ืื‘ ื”ืจืืฉ ืฉืœื™โ€, ืื• โ€œืฉืื—ืจื™ื ื™ืฉื‘ืจื• ืืช ื”ืจืืฉโ€, ืื• ืื ื”ื•ื ืžื ืกื” ืœืฉื™ื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื•ืœื”ืขืœื™ืžื” โ€“ ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื”ื›ื•ื—ื ื•ืช.                                 

ืืš ืขื ื–ืืช ืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ืœื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ื•ื’ื ืœื ืœื—ืชื™ืžื” ืขืœ ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืื• ืœื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื ื’ื•ืขืฉื™ื ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืื• ื‘ื•ืื˜ืกืืค, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืจืง ืืช ื”ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ, ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืชื ื•ื—ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื—ื, ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืขืœ ืชื ื•ื—ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืจื•ืคืคืช. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ืื“ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื™ืืžืจ: โ€œืœืโ€. ื•ืื– ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื“ ืื“ื ืขื ื—ื•ื˜ ืฉื“ืจื” ืคื ื™ืžื™, ื•ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืื” ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ืคื—ื•ืช, ื’ื ื‘ืืจื ื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ื”ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื. ื•ืขืœ ื›ืš ื•ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืกื” ื–ื•.                                                                                                                

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https://www.wiseoldsayings.com/warriors-quote+s

โ€œื”ืžืื‘ืง ื”ื•ื ืื‘ื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ, ื•ื”ืจื™ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื“ืง, ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื ืžืชื•ืš ืจื™ื‘ ื•ื›ื•ืจื—โ€

ื”ืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืก ื”ืืคืœ, ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื•ื•ื ื™

(ื›-540 โ€“ 480 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช)

*

โ€œืจื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื—ื ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ื›ืฉืจืช ืœื”ืชืคื ืงื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ื™ืื” ื‘ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื’ื ืœื ืœื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืื• ืœื”ืคืกื“. ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื›ืฉืจืช ืจืง ืœืžืื‘ืง. ื•ื›ืœ ืžืื‘ืง ื”ื•ื ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื—ื ืขืœื™ ืื“ืžื•ืช. ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืื›ืคืช ืœื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš. ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ืขืœื™ ืื“ืžื•ืช ืžื ื™ื— ื”ืœื•ื—ื ืœืจื•ื—ื• ืœื–ืจื•ื ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ืžืชื•ืš ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉืจืฆื•ื ื• ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉืœื, ืฆื•ื—ืง ื”ืœื•ื—ื ื•ืฆื•ื—ืง.โ€

ืงืจืœื•ืก ืงืกื˜ื ื“ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ืชื”ื•ืฆืืช ื–ื‘โ€ืž, ืขโ€™ 193.

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โ€œื”ืœื•ื—ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืื™ื ื• ืžืชืื•ื ืŸ ืื• ืžืชื—ืจื˜. ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืืชื’ืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืกืง, ื•ืืชื’ืจ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื• ืจืข. ืืชื’ืจ ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืืชื’ืจ.โ€

ืงืจืœื•ืก ืงืกื˜ื ื“ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืขื•ืฆืžื”ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืกื“ื”.

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*ืจืื” โ€œืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืคืฉืจื”โ€ ื‘ืฉืขืจ ื”ื“ืขืช.    

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ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื” ื•ื”ืœื•ื—ื:

ื”ืกืžื•ืจืื™ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ, ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืžื•ืจืœ, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืฉืœื’ื™, ืจืžื“ื•ืจ.
ืกืžื•ืจืื™ื ื‘ื—ืœื™ืคื•ืช โ€“ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืœืขืกืงื™ื โ€“ ืžื•ืœื™ ืืœื“ืจ, ืฆโ€™ืจื™ืงื•ื‘ืจ
ืื”ื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกืžื•ืจืื™ โ€“ ืื”ื‘ืช ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื—ื, ื”ืกืžื•ืจืื™, ื™ืื”ืื” ืกืื™ืงืืงื™, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืืกื˜ืจื•ืœื•ื’.

ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”

ืœื ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื, ืœื ื”ืฉื™ื, ืœื ืจืืฉ ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื”. ื–ื• ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ื”ื ื•ืฉืืช ืขืœื™ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื™ืชืจ ื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืช. ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื: ื”ืื ื ืจืฉื” ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืœื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืชื—ืช ืœื”? ื•ืื ืœื ื ืจืฉื”, ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื ื ืจืฉื” ื–ืืช?                                                                                                                         

ื”ืžืืžืฅ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืœื ื•ืข, ืœื”ื ื™ืข, ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืขืœื”, ื’ืœื•ื ืœื ื‘ืžื” ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ื”ืื“ื ืขื ื”ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ืฉื‘ื•, ืืœื ื‘ืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ืจืฉื” ืœืขืฆืžื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ืžื” ืฉื’ืจื•ืข (ืื• ื—ืœืฉ, ืื• ืœื ืžืคื•ืชื—) ื‘ื•. ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช: ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื’ืช ืœื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื›ืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืžืชืคืงื“ ื•ืžื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืžืคื•ืชื— ื‘ืื“ื, ืืœื ื”ื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืœื ื™ื ื™ื— ื”ืื“ื ืœืขืฆืžื• ืœืฉืงื•ืข ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ื”ืžื•ืฉืš ืื•ืชื• ืžื˜ื”. ื•ื”ื ืคื™ืœื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืžืคืกื™ืงื™ื ืœื”ืชืืžืฅ ื›ืœ-ื›ืš, ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืžื ืžื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™.                                                                                                                       

ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื›ื™ื— ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืชืฉื•ืžืช-ื”ืœื‘ ื ืฉืื‘ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืขืœื”, ืืœ ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”, ืืœ ื”ืฉื™ื, ืืœ ืงืฆื” ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื”. ื•ืฉื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”.                                                                                   

ื•ืื–, ืžืฉื ืคืจืฆื” ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”, ื”ื›ืœ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืฉืงื•ืข. ื•ืฉื, ืœืžื˜ื”, ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขื•ื“. ื”ื›ืœ ื—ืกืจ ืขืจืš, ื ื˜ื•ืœ ืžื˜ืจื” ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช.                                                                              

ื•ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื ืฉืื‘ืช ืœืื™ื ืชื™ืคืื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”, ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืฉืชืจืจ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.       

*                                                                                     

ื“ื™ื›ื•ื˜ื•ืžื™ื”                                                                                                                       

ืืคื• ื ืคื—ืก ืืœ ื–ื’ื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื                                                                                     

ื•ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื’ืžืขื• ื˜ืœ ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช                                                                                      

ื•ืจืง ืžื•ืชื ื™ื• ื”ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ืœื ื—ืฉื•                                                                                            

ืืช ืจื’ืœื™ื• ื”ืฉื•ืงืขื•ืช.                                                                                                   

ื’.ืจ.

*

โ€œืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ื›ื•โ€™ ื›ื™ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืฆื™ืœื•ืช ืœื ื ืืฆืœ ืืœื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืืœ ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื, ืื ื›ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืืœ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉืชืฉืจื” ืขืœื™ื”ื, ืื– ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ื”ืฉืคืข ื‘ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื.โ€

ืžืฉื” ืงื•ืจื“ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืคืจื“ืก ืจื™ืžื•ื ื™ืืžื•ื ืงืื˜ืฉ, ืชืจืกโ€ื•.

โ€œโ€ฆืจโ€™ ื–ื•ื˜ืฉ ื”ืœืš ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ืืฆืœ ืจโ€™ ืืœื™ืžืœืš ืžืœื™ื–ื ืกืง. ืจโ€™ ื–ื•ื˜ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืžื™ ืฉืžื”ืœืš ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—. ื›ืฉืฉืืœื• ืื•ืชื• ืžื” ืœืžื“ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืืœื” ืืฆืœ ืจโ€™ ืืœื™ืžืœืš, ืขื ื”: ืœืžื“ืชื™ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืงื•ืฉืจ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ืื ืคื™ืœืื•ืชื™ื•.โ€

(ืื ื•ื ื™ืžื™)

ืกื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืื—ื™ื ื• โ€“ ื”ืคืจืฉ ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“

ื—ืœืง ื: ืื—ื™ื ื•                                                                                                           

ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืฉ ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืœืžื—ืฆื”. ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ืจื“ื•ื, ืืš ืจื•ืื” ื”ื›ืœ. ืฉืงื˜ ื”ื•ื ื•ืฉืชืงืŸ. ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฆืœืœื™ืช ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉืจื•ื™ ื‘ื”.                                                  

ืขืœ-ื›ืŸ ื›ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื—ื–ื•ืช ื–ื• ืžืกืชืชืจืช ืกืขืจืช ื™ื•ื-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ืกืขืจื” ื”ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ื•ืœืœื ืื–ื”ืจื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช. ืงืคืื•ื ื• ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื•ื—ื–ื•ืชื• ื”ืฉืงื˜ื” ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื•ืœืœ. ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ื ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช. ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืจื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื•, ื›ืŸ ื™ืจืื” ื—ืœื•ืŸ-ื”ืจืื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื• ืกื’ื•ืจ ื•ืฉื•ืžื ื™ื•ืชืจ. * ืื›ืŸ, ืจื‘ื™ื (ื•ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“) ืฉื™ืœืžื• ื•ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืžื—ื™ืจ ื›ื‘ื“, ื˜ื•ืขื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื™ ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื• ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ืืœื ื—ื•ืœืฉื”. ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืชื• ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืฉ ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžื”ื™ืจื•ืชื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืชื• (ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื”, ื”ื”ื˜ืžืขื”, ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื•ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”) ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืŸ ืชืœืš ื—ื–ื•ืชื• ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืชื™ืจืื” ืจืคื•ื™ื”, ื ื™ื ื•ื—ื” ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื“ื•ืžื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืœื”ื‘ื™ ืžื“ื—ืฃ ืฉืœ ืžืกื•ืง ืื• ืžืื•ื•ืจืจ: ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืŸ ืžืชืงื‘ืœ ื”ืจื•ืฉื ืฉื”ื ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืœืื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ; ื•ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืจืื™ื ื”ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื™ื ื ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื›ืœืœ. ืขืœ-ื›ืŸ, ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื”ื˜ื•ืขื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื™ ื—ื–ื•ืชื• ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืชื•ื—ื‘ื™ื ืืฆื‘ืข ืชื•ืงืคื ื™ืช ืืœ ืชื•ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืฉ ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ โ€“ ืžื’ืœื™ื ืœืคืชืข ื‘ื”ืœื ื•ื‘ื–ื•ื•ืขื” ื›ื™ ื™ื“ื ื—ืกืจื” ืืฆื‘ืขโ€ฆ

ื—ืœืง ื‘: โ€“ ื”ืกื•ื“                                                                                                               

ืžื”ื• ืกื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืฉ ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“? ืื™ืš ื–ื” โ€œืขื•ื‘ื“โ€ ืืฆืœื•? ื•ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™-ื›ืŸ, ืœืžื” ื–ื” โ€œืขื•ื‘ื“โ€ ืืฆืœื• ื›ืš? ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื•, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžื” ืื™ื ื•. ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ. (ื”ื™ืœืช ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื•ืœื‘ืฉื” ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืคืจืกืžื• ืื•ืชื•). ืฉื ื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืื™ื ื• ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขืฆืžืื™, ื•ื‘ืขืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืชืœื•ื™ื”. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ื™ืคืš ืžื›ืš. ื”ื•ื ื›ืœื•ื, ืืกื™ืจ, ืฉื‘ื•ื™. ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื›ื ื™ืขื” ืžืœืื” ืœื›ื•ื— ืฉืžืคืขื™ืœ ืื•ืชื•, ื›ื•ื— ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ื“ืจื›ื•, ื›ื•ื— ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจื›ื• โ€“ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืžืฉืืœื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืื ื•ื›ื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ โ€œื”ื‘ื•ืกโ€ ืฉืœื”ื โ€“ ื”ืื’ื• ืฉืœื• โ€“ ืคื™ื ื• ืœื• ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืกื•ื“ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื•, ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœื”ื ืื›ืกื ื™ื” ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ, ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ื›ืชื—ื ืช-ืžืขื‘ืจ, ื”ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื™ื•ื ื˜ื”, ื‘ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ื˜ (ืฉืœ ืžืชื— ื’ื‘ื•ื”).                                                                                                        

ื—ืœืง ื’: ื”ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ื”                                                                                                        

ืื—ื™ื ื• ื”ืคืจืฉ ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืงืœื˜/ืžืฉื“ืจ-ืจื“ื™ื• ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœ. ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ื›ืžืงืœื˜-ืจื“ื™ื• ืจื’ื™ืœ, ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื•ื–ื ื— ื‘ืžืงืฆืช: ืžืคืขื ืœืคืขื ื ื™ืชืง ื—ื•ื˜ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•, ื›ืื™ืœื• ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืขื•ืžืก ื™ืชืจ ืื• ืงืฆืจ. ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ืžืงืฉื™ื‘, ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืŸ ืคื ื™ืžื” โ€“ ืœืจื—ืฉ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื, ืžืื–ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืง ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ื˜ืขื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืžืชื—, ืžื–ื™ื– ื—ื•ื˜, ื•ื”ื›ืœ ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืขืžื•ืง ื•ืฉืœื•ื•ื” ืขืœ-ืชื ืื™; ื“ืจื•ืš ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœืฉืœื•ื•ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื›ืœ ืกื›ื ื” ืฆืคื•ื™ื”. ื›ื™ ื—ืฉืฉื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ืœืคืชืข ื›ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ: ืœืœื ืขืจื•ืฆื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช, ืฉื“ืจื›ื ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื‘ืจ ืืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื–ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื”.    

ื—ืœืง ื“: ืกื™ื•ื                                                                                                                

ืœืื—ื™ื ื• ืกื•ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืกื•ื“: ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื›ืŸ ืกืžื•ื™, ืกื•ื›ืŸ ื—ืฉืื™ืกื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ืฉืžืžื ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืื‘ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื• ื•ืฉืื•ืชื” ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’.                                                                            

ืื™ืคื” ื”ื•ื?                                                                                                                  

ืื—ื™ื ื• ื”ืคืจืฉ ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ืงืจื•ื‘.                                                                       

ืจืง ื”ืขื™ืคื• ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ,                                                                                             

ืจืง ื—ืคืฉื• ืฉื•ื‘,                                                                                                                   

ื—ืคืฉื• ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื.                                                                                                     

*

โ€œืœื•ื—ื ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืื’ื™ ื•ืงืฉื•ื—, ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื•ืžืฉื•ืœื— ืœื ืคืฉื•, ื‘ืขืœ ื˜ืขื ื•ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืขื•ื“ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“, ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืœื”ืฉื—ื™ื– ืืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื•, ืืš ื’ื ืœื›ืกื•ืชื, ืœืžืขืŸ ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืื“ื (ืื—ืจ) ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืงืฉื•ื—.โ€

ืงืจืœื•ืก ืงืกื˜ื ื“ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืฉืงื˜ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื–ื‘โ€ืž.

*

*ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ืจื™ื’ืœ, ื–ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉืช. ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, 1990.   

ื”ืื™ืŸ

ื”ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœืœ, ืขื™ืŸ-ื”ืกืขืจื” ื”ืฉืงื˜ื”, ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ื”ืฉืขืจ ื”ื‘ื•ืœืข ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื. ืืš ืœืคื™ ืฉืขื”, ื›ื•ืœื ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžืžื ื•, ืžืชื›ื—ืฉื™ื ืœื•, ื‘ื•ืจื—ื™ื ืžืžื ื•. ื‘ื•ืจื—ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœื•ื ื”ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื›ื™ ื”ื›ืœ. ื‘ื•ืจื—ื™ื ืืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™, ื”ืžื™ื“ื™, ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ, ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ, ื”ืžืจื’ืฉ. ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืคืœื˜ ื‘ืกืจื˜ื™ื, ื‘ืื”ื‘ื”ื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืจื•ืžื ื™ื, ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื, ื‘ืื•ื›ืœ. ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœื•ื, ืžืŸ ื”ืจื™ืง.                                                                                                                         

ืืš ื”ืจื™ืง, ื”ืื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”, ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช, ื”ืžื•ืกืชืจืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื‘ืื”, ื”ื•ืœื›ืช, ื ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื™ื•ืฆืืช, ืจื•ืงื“ืช ื•ืžืชื—ืœืคืช โ€“ ื›ื•ื•ื™ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืžืชื ื•ืคืฃ ืขืœ-ืคื ื™ ื—ืœื•ืŸ ืคืขื•ืจ. 

ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืขืœ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™: ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ, ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื• ืžืกืชืชืจ ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ. ื•ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืขื˜ื” ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ ื•ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื• ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช, ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ื”ืืžืช.                            

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โ€œโ€ฆืื ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืชืขื•ื–ื” ื–ื•, ื™ื•ืฉืœื ื’ื•ืจืœื• ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื™ืคื’ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืืžืช ื”ืฉืœืžื”, ืืช ื”ืืžืช ื”ื ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืืžื™ืชื•ืช, ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื—ืกืจ ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช โ€“ ืืช ื”ืื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืœ, ื™ืคื’ื•ืฉ ื•ื™ื™ื‘ืœืข ื‘ืงืจื‘ื• ื•ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื™ื™ื•ื•ืœื“ ืžืžื ื•.โ€

ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ืจื™ื’ืœื–ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉืชื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, 1990.

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โ€œโ€ฆื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ืฉืœื™ืžื” ื•ืื™ื ื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžืชื’ืœื™ืช ื“ืจืš ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืื™ืŸ. ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื•, ื—ื–ืจื” ืืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืื•ืชื”, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ืขื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ืŸ, ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžืœืื•ืชื”.โ€

ืจืŸ ืกื™ื’ื“ืืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื–ืื”ืคืจืง โ€œืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ื“ื’ืจโ€.

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โ€œื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืขื•ืžืชืช ืขื ื”ืื™ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื”, ืœื•ื‘ืฉืช ื”ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืžืฆืขื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื—ื•ื•ื” ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื•, ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœืžื• ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื•.โ€

ืจื•ืœื• ืžื™ื™ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื™ื”.

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช

ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื•ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™-ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืชืžื™ื“, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื•ืžืื– ื•ืžืขื•ืœื. ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืชืงื•ื˜ื˜ื• ืชืžื™ื“, ืฉื ืื• ื•ืคื’ืขื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืจืขื”ื•.                                                                   

ืžืื– ื•ืžืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžืจื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืคืœื’ื ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื: ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืฉืžืืœ ืœื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืจื ื™ื ืœืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืœืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืกื™-ืจื•ื— ืœืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืœื—ืœืฉื™ื. ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื โ€“ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”.    

ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืœ ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืœื ืคืกืงื” ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช, ืœืžืฉืœ ืืฆืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืžื‘ืจืกืœื‘.                                            

ืืš ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื ืกืชืจ ืžื”ืขื™ืŸ, ืžื•ื“ืข ืืš ืžืขื˜, ืฉื‘ื• ื ื˜ื•ืฉื” ืžืœื—ืžื” ืงืฉื” ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช; ื–ื• ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ื ื™ื˜ืฉืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ื ื” ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ืช ืœืื•ื ื” ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื’ืฉ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืœืžื•ืก ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆืจ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจ, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฆืจ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืจื’ืœ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืฆืœื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช , ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ.                                                                             

ื•ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื–ื•, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืื™ืŸ ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื. ื–ื• ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžืชืžื“ืช, ืžืจื”, ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื ืžืฉื›ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžืกื•ื•ื” ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืขื“ ืฉืžืจื•ื‘ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช, ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ื”ืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช ืžืฉืชืœื˜ืช. ืฉื‘ืขื™ ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื, ืื ื• ื ืกื“ืงื™ื ืœืื™ื˜ื ื•, ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื ืฉื—ืงื™ื.                                                                                                         

ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืจืง ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื•, ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื•.                                                  

ื โ€ื‘: ืจืื” ื”ืžืกื” โ€œื•ืžื” ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืโ€ ื‘ืฉืขืจ ื–ื”       

ืœื—ืœื•ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช โ€“ ื”ืกืคื“

ืœื—ืœื•ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช โ€“ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื’ืจื’ืจ ื”ืืžืช ื”ื–ืขื™ืจ, ืžื•ืงืฃ ื‘ื—ืฆืื™ ืืžื™ืชื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจื‘ืขื™ ืืžื™ืชื•ืช. 

ืœื—ืœื•ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช โ€“ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืžื” ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืกืชื™ืจ ืžื›ื•ืœื, ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืื™ื ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื. ืื™ื ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืกืชืจืช, ื”ืฉืจื” ืฉื™ืจ ื ื•ื’ื”, ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื–ื›ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืกืฃ ื”ืฉืงื•ืฃ ืœืžื—ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ื“ืขืชื. ื”ืœื—ื™ืฉื” ื”ื—ืจื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืขืžื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื•ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืื™ื ื” ื—ื™ื” ื‘ืื™ืฉ. ืจื•ื‘ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืื—ื•ื– ื‘ืžืกื•ื•ื™ื”ื ื”ืืคืจืคืจื™ื, ื•ืจืง ืฉืื•ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื ื•ืคื˜ืคื•ื˜ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืžื“ื“ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ื•ืœืžืขืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืกื›ืช ื”ื˜ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื›ืžื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.                      

ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ื•ืœืื™ืฉ ืœื ืื›ืคืช ืฉืกืคื™ื ืช ื”ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื” ื”ืคืœื™ื’ื” ื–ื” ืžื›ื‘ืจ. ืจืง ื”ื’ืœื™ื ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืžืกืจ ื”ื“ืžื“ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื“ื” ื•ื ืขื™ืœื”.            

ืขืฆื•ื‘. ืขืฆื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ืขืฆื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืขืฆื•ื‘ ื‘ื ืฉืžื”. ื›ื™ ื ืฉืจื• ื›ื ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืžืชื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ื• ื”ื™ืงืจื™ื, ืฉืœ ื›ืžื™ื”ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช, ืงื•ืœื” ื ืกื“ืง.                                                               

ืœื—ืœื•ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช: ื”ืžืกืข ืชื. ื”ื—ืฆื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื ืืœืžื•. ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื” ืขื‘ืจื”. ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื•ื”ืืžืช ื’ื–ื•. ื•ื’ืจื•ื ื ื• ื ืฉื ืง ืžืฆืขืจ.    

โ€œืœื™ืกื” ื”ืขืฆื•ื‘ื”โ€

ืื ื• ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืขื ื“ื—ืคื™ื ื•ืขื ืฆืจื›ื™ื, ืขื ื“ื—ืคื™ื ืฉื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื”ื ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ. ื›ืžื• ื™ืœื“ ื”ืžื•ืฉืš ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืงื” ื‘ืฉืžืœืช ืื™ืžื•, ื›ืš ื›ืฃ ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ืื•ื—ื–ืช ื‘ื ื• ืขื“ ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื, ืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื•ืชื•ื‘ืขืช ืœื‘ื•ื ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืงื”.                                                                

ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ื‘ืฉืžืœืชื ื• ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื: ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืชื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืœืกืคื•ื’ ืžืจืื•ืช, ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืชื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ (ืื• ืœื”ืจืคื•ืช), ื”ืงื™ื‘ื” ืชื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ืขื•ืจ ืชื•ื‘ืข ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืžื’ืข, ื”ืžื•ื— ืชื•ื‘ืข ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ื™ื, ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืชื•ื‘ืข ืกื™ืคื•ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉ ืชื•ื‘ืข ืื™ืฉื•ืจ, ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช.                                                                                                                    

ืืš ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ื”ืขืžื•ืง ื•ื”ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื ืžื”ื ืฉืžื”.                                                           

ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื“ื—ื•ืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื–ืขืงื” ืจืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื›ืื‘ ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืœื” ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื ืฉืžื”. ื›ื” ื ื•ืงื‘ืช ื•ื ื•ืจืื” ื–ืขืงืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉืžื”โ€“ ืฉืื ืืš ื™ืฉืžืข ืื•ืชื” ื”ืื“ื, ื™ื ื™ื— ืžื™ื™ื“ ืืช ืขื™ืกื•ืงื• ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื™ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืœืžืœื ืื—ืจ ืฆืจื›ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื ืฉืžืชื•. ืืœื ืฉืื•ื–ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื—ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื–ืขืงืช ื ืฉืžืชื•, ืืช ื‘ื›ื™ื” ืฉืœ โ€œืœื™ืกื” ื”ืขืฆื•ื‘ื”โ€ ืฉืœื•, ื”ื˜ืžื•ื ื” ืขืžื•ืง ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•.                                    

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ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื•ื

ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ืขืช ื’ื ืื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืคืจื“โ€ฆ

ืœืื’ื“ ื™ื—ื“ ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื™ืฉืืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจ, ื›ืœ ื”ืคื–ื•ืจ, ื”ื–ืจื•ืง ื•ื”ืžื•ืฉืœืš โ€“ ืœื—ื‘ื™ืœื” ืื—ืช ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช, ืžืื•ืจื’ื ืช. ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืœ ืคืกื™ืง, ื›ืœ ืชื•, ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืกืคื™ืช ื‘ืกื›ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉื™ื™ืชืœื” ืœื ืฆื— ื‘ื’ืœืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ.                                                

ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ื•ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื”, ืื—ืจ. ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ ื•ืžื ื•ื’ื“ ืœื”ืชื—ืœื”.                                                     

ื”ืชื—ืœื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ื—ืœืงื•ืช ืœืจื•ื‘. ื”ืŸ ืžื”ื•ืกืกื•ืช, ืžื’ืžื’ืžื•ืช โ€“ ืชื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื, ื”ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืขื™ืžื”, ืืช ื”ืœื—ืŸ, ืืช ื”ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ืคื™ืกื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืื–ืœ ื”ืžื—ืคืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉืœืžื”. ื•ืื–, ืžืฉื ืคืœื• ื”ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืœืžืงื•ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื•ืฉืœืžื”, ื ื”ืคื›ืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžืฉื›ื™, ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™. ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฆืื• ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™, ื”ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืžื• ืžืขืฆืžื”.*

 ื•ืื–, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ืกื™ื•ื: ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ, ืงืฉื•ืจ ื•ืžืื•ื—ื“. ืฉื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืกื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืžื•ื“ืขืช.   

  ื•ื›ืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืกื™ื•ื: ื›ืืฉืจ ืื•ืจื–ื™ื ื‘ืžื–ื•ื•ื“ื”, ืงืžื™ื ืžืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื”, ืกื•ื’ืจื™ื ืืช ื“ืœืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื™ื—ื” ืื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื, ื•ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืโ€ฆ ื›ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื–: ืœืกื™ื™ืžื ื‘ืื›ืคืชื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืขืฆืžื™, ื•ื‘ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืœืื”. ืืš ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืจืžืช ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช, ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขืœ ืœืžืžื•ืฆืข.    

ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื•ื.                                                                                                                 

ืืžื ื•ืช ื ืขืœื” ื‘ืืžืช.                                                                                                          

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*ืจืื” โ€œื”ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ืโ€ ื‘ืฉืขืจ ื”ื“ืขืช.      

ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ื ืฉืžื”

ืžื›ืจื ื• ืืช ื”ื—ืœื•ื ืžื•ืงื“ื ืžื“ื™.                                                                                   

ืืžื ื, ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื™ืžื“ื“ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ืฉื’ื ื•, ืืš ืœืžื” ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ืขืฆืžืš, ื›ื‘ืจ, ืœืžืžื“ื™ ืžื ื”ืœ-ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืกืง ืืš ื•ืจืง ื‘ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ืจื•ื•ื— ื•ื”ืคืกื“: โ€œื›ื“ืื™ ืœื™, ืœื ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื™โ€, โ€œืžืฉืชืœื , ืœื ืžืฉืชืœืโ€. ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ? ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืงืกื ื”ืžื•ืคืœื ื”ื–ื” ื”ืฆื•ื‘ืข ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื? ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื• ืžื”ืจ ืžื“ื™. ื›ื” ืžื”ืจ ื”ื ื—ื ื• ืœืฉื’ืจืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืœื—ื˜ื•ืฃ ืืช ืขืคื™ืคื•ื ื™ื ื• ื•ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช โ€œืžืฆื‘ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸโ€.

ืืœ ืชืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื ืฉืžืชืš ื‘ื–ื•ืœ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืงืœื™ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื™ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืš ื”ื›ืจื”, ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืื• ืžืขืžื“, ื›ืืŸ ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•. ืืœ ืชืžื›ืจื• ืืช ื‘ื›ื•ืจืช ืจื•ื—ื›ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ื–ื™ื“ ื”ืขื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™, ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ื”ืžืขืžื“ื™.                                                                                                                        

ื›ื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช.                                                                                                    

ืื ื™ ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื›ื ื•ืืชื ืืคื•ืจื™ื, ืžืฉืขืžืžื™ื, ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืžืจืืฉ, ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื™ื.                               

ื”ืงื”ื™ืชื ืืช ื”ืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ื•ืช, ืคืฆืจืชื ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื–ื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื ืงื•ื ืคื•ืจืžื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœืจื™ื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื•ืœืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ืชื•ื• ืœื›ื ื”ืžืžืกื“ ื•ื“ืขืช-ื”ืงื”ืœ.                    

ืืชื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ื”ื•ืจื™ื›ื โ€“ ื—ื•ืชืจื™ื ืืœ ื”ื›ืœื ื”ื ื•ื—, ืืœ โ€œื”ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืชโ€, ืฉืืœื™ื”ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืข ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ ื›ื™ืœื“ ื˜ื•ื‘, ื›ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘, ื›ืื–ืจื— ื˜ื•ื‘.                                                       

ืืš ืืชื ืžืชื™ื, ื•ื ืฉืžืชื›ื ืื™ื ื” ื ื•ืฉืืช ืขืžื” ืขื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื ื™ื—ื•ื— ื”ืจืขื ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื, ืขืชื” ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ืฉื”, ื—ื ื•ืงื”.                                                             

ืืชื ืžืคื—ื“ื™ื: ืžืคื—ื“ื™ื ืœืฉื’ื•ืช, ืžืคื—ื“ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช, ืžืคื—ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื›ื. ื•ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืœื›ืช ื”ืคื—ื“, ืืชื ืžื›ืจื™ื–ื™ื ืื™-ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื, ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื›ื, ื‘ืงื•ืœื›ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™.                                                                                                   

ื”ืชื’ืจืฉืชื ืžื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื›ื ื•ืžืืœื•ื”ื™ื›ื (ื™ื”ื ืืฉืจ ื™ื”ื). ื ื”ืคื›ืชื ืœืงื˜ื ื™ื, ืœื‘ืœืชื™-ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื, ืœื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™-ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ.                                                                                           

ืžื›ืจืชื ืืช ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ, ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื”, ืืช ื”ืฉืจืืชื›ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช โ€“ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ื•ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืงื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื• ื ืžืฉื›ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืฆื’ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื›ื ืฉืœื›ื ืžืจื•ืงืŸ ื•ืกื’ื•ืจ. ืฉื•ื ื”ืฆื’ื” ื•ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื•ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื•, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื›ื ืžืื›ืœืก ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืจืง ืืช ืจื•ื—-ื”ืจืคืื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืชื›ื ื”ืžื ื•ื—ื”.    

ื”ืขืจื” ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช: ื ื‘ื•ืืช ื–ืขื ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ืฉืžืขืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืงื˜, ืืš ื•ืจืง ื›ืœืคื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื•ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืœืžื™ื ื™ื”ื ืฉืžื›ืจื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ โ€˜ืžืงื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืืžืฆืขโ€™.

ืขืœ ืžื” ื”ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื?

ืขืœ ืžื” ื”ื ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื, ืขืœ ืžื” ื”ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื?                                                 

ืขืœ ืืฉ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื? ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื™ื•ื? ืขืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ ืฉืœื ื—ื“ืœื” ืœื›ืžื•ื” (ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื)?                                                                                                                   

ืขืœ ืžื” ื”ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื—ื™ื ื•ื’ื•ืจืกื™ื?                                                    

ืขืœ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืขืœื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื:                                           

โ€œืžื” ื”ื™ื ืงื ืชื” ืืชืžื•ืœ?โ€ ื•โ€ื›ืžื” ืขื•ืœื” ืฉืง ืกื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ืฉื›ืŸ?โ€

ื•โ€ืžื™ ืœื‘ืฉื” ืฉืžืœื” ื•ืžื™ ื—ืฆืื™ืช?โ€ ื•โ€ืžื” ืืžืจ ื”ื”ื•ื ืฉืืžืจ ืœื”ื ืฉืกื™ืคืจื• ืœื ื•?โ€

ืขืœ ืžื” ื”ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื?                                                                                                          

ื”ืื ืขืœ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื? ืขืœ ืžืกืชืจื™ ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื•ืคืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื?                      

ืœื, ืขืœ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืคืขื•ื˜ื™ื, ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืขืœื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื, ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืฉื ื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื ืžื–ื™ื–ื™ื. ืจืง ืžืื’ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก-ืงื•ื• ื‘ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื, ื‘ืงื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื, ืงื•ืจื™-ืฉื™ื ื” ื“ืงื™ื. ืงื•ืจื™ ืฉื™ื ื” ืœื ืจื“ืžื™ื, ืœื™ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื ืช-ื™ืฉืจื™ื, ืฉื ืช ื™ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.      

         ืžื”ืœื ืœื”ืœื

ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื”ืœื ืœื”ืœื ื•ื”ื ื ืžืชื—ื™ื ืžื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืœื˜ืจืื•ืžื”.                                   

ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ืคืกื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื; ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง, ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื ื• ื—ืจื‘ โ€“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืžื—ื“ืฉ.                                                                    

ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ืกืขืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ืก-ืชื”, ืงืฉื™ื™ื. ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื โ€œืžืชื›ื•ื ืŸโ€ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืคืกืงื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”.                                                                             

ื•ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื ืข ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื ืŸ, ื•ืžืขื•ืžื“ ืœืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืขื ื›ืœ ืคืกื™ืง, ืขื ื›ืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื”: ื”ื™ื›ืœื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื–ื•, ืื• ื™ืคืจื•ืฅ ื“ืจื›ื” ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื•ื”ืœืื”, ืœืขื•ื“ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉื•ืจื”, ืœืขื•ื“ ืคืขื?                                                                                  

ื•ื›ืš ื—ื™ื™ื ื•: ืžื”ืœื ืœื”ืœื, ืžื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืœื˜ืจืื•ืžื”, ืžืืกื•ืŸ ืœืืกื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื โ€“ ื”ืคืจื—ื™ื.  

ื—ืœืง ืจื‘ื™ืขื™: ืฉืขืจ ื”ืงื™ื•ื

ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืœืฉืขืจ ื”ืงื™ื•ื

โ€œื”ื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืœื™ื ืืžืจ ืงื”ืœืช, ื”ื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืœ.                                          

ืžื” ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืœืื“ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืžืœื• ืฉื™ืขืžืœ ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ.                                         

ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื•ื”ืืจืฅ ืœืขื•ืœื ืขื•ืžื“ืช.                                                      

ื•ื–ืจื— ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ื‘ื ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ืืœ ืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉื•ืืฃ ื–ื•ืจื— ื”ื•ื ืฉื.โ€

 (ืงื”ืœืช, ืคืจืง ื, ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื โ€“ ื”)

ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืฉืขืจ ื”ืจื—ืžื™ื. ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืื ื• ื ื–ืจืงื™ื ืืœ ื”ืงื™ื•ื, ื•ืื–, ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืื ื• ื ื–ืจืงื™ื ืžืžื ื• ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.                                                                                                                      

ื”ืงื™ื•ื. ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืืช ืขืชื ื• ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื›ืœื”, ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ืื•ื–ืœืช โ€“ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชืจ.                                                                                                                        

ืฉืขืจ ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื, ืœืœื ืกืจืง, ืœืœื ืื™ืคื•ืจ. ืžื›ืื ื™ื™ื, ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื, ืื‘ืกื•ืจื“ื™ื™ื, ืžื ื•ื›ืจื™ื, ื—ืกืจื™ ืคืฉืจ, ื ื–ืจืงื™ื ืืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช, ื•ืœื ืžืฆืืชื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”, ืœืืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื ืฆื™ื” ื”ืกืชืžื™ืช ื•ื”ื ื•ืจืื” ื”ื–ืืช, ืžืืฉืจ ืžืฉืœ ืงืฆืจ ื•ืขืชื™ืง ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืงื™ื•ื.                                                                                

ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ืžืฉื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœืœื ืžื™ื, ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื“ืงื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื™ื’ื•ื•ืข ื‘ืฆืžื. ื•ื”ื ื” ื ืžืจ ืฉื•ืขื˜ ืœืงืจืืชื•. ื”ืื™ืฉ ื‘ื•ืจื— ื‘ืฉืืจื™ืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื•, ื•ื”ื ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจ, ืขื˜ ืขืœื™ื• ืืจื™ื”โ€ฆ ื‘ืžืจ ื ืคืฉื•, ื”ื•ื ืžืขื™ืฃ ืžื‘ื˜ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื ื”, ืžืžืฉ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืจื’ืœื™ื•, ื‘ื•ืจ. ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืคืฅ ืคื ื™ืžื”โ€ฆ ื•ืžื’ืœื” ืฉื”ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืžื•ืง ืžืื•ื“, ื•ื‘ืงืจืงืขื™ืชื• ืงืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆืคืขื•ื ื™ื. ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ื ืคื™ืœื”, ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ื— ื”ืฆื•ืžื— ืžื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืจ. ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืœื— ื™ื“, ื ืื—ื– ื‘ื• ื•ืคื™ืœืชื• ื ื‘ืœืžืช. ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื˜ืจื ื”ืกืคื™ืง ืœื ืฉื•ื ืœืจื•ื•ื—ื”, ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื, ื”ืื—ื“ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืื—ืจ ืœื‘ืŸ, ื”ืžื›ืจืกืžื™ื ืืช ื’ื‘ืขื•ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื— ืžืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ื“ื™ื•. ืจื’ืข ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื ืชืงื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ืœ, ืžื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื“ื‘ืฉ ืขืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ืขืœื™ื, ื•ื”ื ืžืœืงืง ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืฉืืจื™ืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื•โ€ฆ

ืืจืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™

ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืืจืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืื™ื ื• ื ืชืคืฉ ื‘ืชื•ื“ืขืชื ื• ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื”.                                

ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ื™ ืงื™ื•ืžื ื• ื›ืืŸ ื–ืžื ื™ ื•ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ, ืืš ื–ื” ืžืก-ืฉืคืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื โ€“ ื•ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื• ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื. ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ืงื™ื•ืžื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ืคืกืง ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ืฉืขื” ืื—ืช, ืจื’ืข ืื—ื“ โ€“ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ื ื”ื™ื”, ืืฃ ืคืขื, ื‘ื›ืœืœโ€ฆ

ืœืจื•ื‘, ืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืžืชืขืžืง ื‘ื›ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืขืžืง ื‘ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื”ืกื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืงื ื™ื™ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื”ืžื•ืกื›ืžื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช (ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื˜ืคื•ื˜ ื•ื”ืœื”ื’ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™*) ืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื—ืงืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื; ืืš ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืžืกืš ืขืฉืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื–ื” ืžืกืชืชืจ ืคื—ื“ ืื“ื™ืจ, ื˜ืื‘ื• ื ื•ืจื. ืื ื• ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืคืœืฆืช ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื ื›ืœื‘ืœื‘, ื•ื›ืžื• ื‘ืื’ื“ืช ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ืžืœืš ืื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืขื™ืจื•ื; ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืืจืขื™ื•ืช ืงื™ื•ืžื ื• โ€œืื™ื ื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ื›ืœืœโ€, ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืœื™ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื” ื›ื–ืืชโ€ฆ

ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื›ืœืœ ืขื ืฉืืœื” ื–ื•, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื›ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืคืจื•ื–ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืื™ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื™ืง ืœืจื™ืง.                                             

ื‘ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืืจืขื™ื™ื ืื ื• ืจืง ืžืชื›ื•ื ื ื™ื ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉื ื•ืชืจ.                               

ื‘ืขืฉืจื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืื ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื ื ื™ื ืœืขืฉืจื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืื•ืชืชื™ื ืœื ื• ืงืžื˜ื™ื ื•, ืฉืขืจื ื• ื”ืžืœื‘ื™ืŸ, ื’ื•ืคื ื• ื”ืœืื”, ืฉื›ืœ ื–ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ื ื•, ืืš ืื™ื ื ื• ื ืจืžื–ื™ื. ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”, ื•ืื ื• ืžืชืขืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื™ื™ื—ืœ, ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฆืคื•ืช, ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืงื•ื•ืช โ€“ ืœืื•ืฉืจ, ืœืกื™ืคื•ืง, ืœื”ื’ืฉืžื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช. ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื•ื“ืื™ืช ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื›ื™ ื ื•ืœื“ื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืžื•ื—, ื›ื™ ืื ื• ืฆื•ืžื—ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื™ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื–ื” ืขืฆื ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื–ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจ.                                                                                                  

 ืืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืžืกืข ืœืงืจืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ื•ืชื.                                                                     

ืื ื• ืจืง ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื–ืืช, ื—ื•ืœืคื™ื ื“ืจื›ื” ื‘ืžืกืขื ื• ืžืชื—ื ืช ื—ื•ืกืจ-ืงื™ื•ื ืื—ืช ืœืชื—ื ืช ื—ื•ืกืจ-ืงื™ื•ื ืื—ืจืช. ืื ื• ืจืง ื—ื•ืœืคื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื–ืืช, ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื โ€“ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•.           

ืื ื• ืฉืžื™ื ื“ื’ืฉ ืจื‘ ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื•ืžื—ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืจื‘ื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื, ื‘ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืจื‘, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื ื’ื™ืข, ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื“ื™ื ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื•ืื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื, ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืจ ืืช ืžื•ื—ื ื• ืœื—ื•ื›ืžื” ืฉืชื‘ื•ื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื•ืžืงื•ืจืกื™ื, ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืขื™ื ืžืฉื ื” ืœืฉื ื” ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ืœืžื“, ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืžื“ื ื• โ€“ ืื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื•ืชโ€ฆ

ื•ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ืฃ, ื’ื ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืงืฆื” ืฉืœ ืžืกื“ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืื ื• ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ื‘ืžื”, ื•ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื ื• ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื™ื™ื, ื•ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื”ืฆื’ื” ื ืžืฉื›ืช โ€“ ืœืชืžื™ื“.                                                                                                                         

ื›ืœ ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื ื• ื•ื‘ื—ืจื•ืชื ื• ืื ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื ืœืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืขืœื” ื”ืžืกืš ืžืขืœ ื‘ื™ืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื”ืฆื’ื” ืชืชื—ื™ืœ. ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืœื ื• ืฉื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื—ืœืคื• ืขืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ื—ืกืจืช-ืชื•ื—ืœืช,*** ืื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ืขื‘ืจื ื• ื‘ืชื”ื™ื™ื”: ืžืชื™ ื”ื—ืžืฆื ื• ืืช ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืกืš? ืืช ื”ื‘ืžื”? ื›ืื•ืชื” ืฉื•ืจื” ื ืคืœืื” ืžืชืงืœื™ื˜ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’โ€™ื•ืŸ ืœื ื•ืŸ, ื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ: โ€œื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืœืš ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืืชื” ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.โ€

ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•, ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืชืžื™ื, ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ืชื•ื“ืขืชื ื• ืงื•ืœื˜ืช ืœืจื’ืข ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืืžืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืืš ืจืง ืขื“ ืฉืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื’ืจื” ื•ืžื›ืกื™ื ืืช ื–ื”. ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื ื•, ื›ืื™ืœื• ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืืŸ ืชืžื™ื“, ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื ืฆื—ื™ื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจ-ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช, ืฆืคืจื“ืขืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆืช-ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉืช, ื”ืจื•ืื” ืขืฆืžื• ื›ื ืกื™ืš ื”ื™ืงื•ืโ€ฆ ืขื“ ืฉื”ืฉืœื•ืœื™ืช ืžืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉืชโ€ฆ

*

***ืกืžื•ืืœ ื‘ืงื˜, โ€œืžื—ื›ื™ื ืœื’ื•ื“ื•โ€œ.

*ืœื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืœื”ื’ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ื”ืคื˜ืคื•ื˜, ืจืื” ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื“ื™ื’ืจ, ื™ื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ื–ืžืŸ. ืขโ€™ 211 

**โ€ืื”ื” ืืžืจ ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ, โ€˜ืžื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืฆืจ. ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื” ืจื—ื‘ ืขื“ ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืื™ืžื”, ืจืฆืชื™ ื”ืœืื” ื•ืžื” ืฉืžื—ืชื™ ื›ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืจื—ื•ืง ื—ื•ืžื•ืช ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืžืฉืžืืœ, ืืš ื—ื•ืžื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืืœื• ืืฆื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ื–ื• ืขื ื–ื•, ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ื•ืฉื ื‘ืคื™ื ื” ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื”ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช, ื•ืœืชื•ื›ื” ืื ื™ ืจืฅ. โ€œืื™ื ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืืœื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ืืžืจ ื”ื—ืชื•ืœ ื•ื‘ืœืขื•!โ€ ืงืคืงื.

   ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื 

ื—ืœืง ื

ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ืื™ืš ืฉืœื ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื: ืฉืžืืœ โ€“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ืฉื™ืจื” โ€“ ืคืจื•ื–ื”, ื”ืคืจื“ โ€“ืžืฉื•ืœ โ€“ ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื. ื•ืื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื•ืชื ื‘ื›ืš, ื›ื™ ืžืžื™ืœื ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ, ืื ื‘ืฉื™ืจ, ืื ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ โ€“ ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื.                                                                

ื•ื”ืฉืงื˜ ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื“ื•ืžื ื›ืื™ืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœืคื ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืฉืงื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืื™ื ื•ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื›ื ื—ื™ืœ ืืจื‘ื”: ื™ื•ืฆืื™-ื—ืœืฆื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื˜ืคื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื ื• ื›ืื™ืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ืœื’ื‘ืขื•ืœื™ื ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ื•ืœื˜ืจืฃ ืจืขื ืŸ, ื›ืื™ืœื• ืจืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื ื•ืฆืจ ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ืงื™ื•ืโ€ฆ ืืš ื’ื ื”ื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื•.            

ื•ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื ื•ืฉืžืช ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื• ื›ืžื• ืืช ืื™-ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื•, ื•ืงื”ืœืช ื”ื™ื” ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.     

ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ โ€“ ืฉืœื• ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืงืจ ืื•ืชื• ื•ืฉื ืขืœื™ื• ืชื•ื•ื™ืช ื•ื—ื•ืชืžืช, ื›ืื™ืœื• ืœื ื™ืฉืขื˜ื• ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืื• ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืจืง ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื•ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื•ืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืช.                                                                                           

ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจืžืช ืชื•ื“ืขืชื ื• ื”ืฆืจื” ื•ื”ื ื ืกื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ืชื•ืคืฉืช ืืช ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืชืกื›ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืื™ืžื” ืฉื”ื“ื—ืงื ื• ืœืคืืชื™ ืชืช-ื”ื›ืจืชื ื•, ื›ืš ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืคืกืช ืืช ื”โ€ืื™ืŸโ€ ื•ื”ืœื ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื”ืขื ืงื™ ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ื‘, ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืื—ืจื™ื ื•. ื”ื›ืืŸ ื•ื”ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืื’ื•ืื™ืกื˜ื™ ืžืกืชื™ืจ ื”ื›ืœ, ื›ืืฆื‘ืข ืžื•ืœ ืขื™ื ื™ื ื• ื”ืžืกืชื™ืจื” ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืืจื‘ืข ืงื•ืžื•ืช.   

ื—ืœืง ื‘

โ€œื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ืโ€, ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ื•ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื.                    

โ€œื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ืโ€, ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ื•ืฉื•ื—ืงื™ื ืขื“ ื“ืง ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื–ื”. ื›ื™ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืขืกื•ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื, ื›ืŸ ืชืชืขืฆื ืชืจื“ืžืชื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขืฆื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื‘ืจื’ืขื™ื ืืœื” ืžืžืฉ, ื—ื•ืœืคื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืœื‘ืœื™ ืฉื•ื‘, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื–ืืช.                                                                                                                

ื—ื™ื™ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื, ื—ื•ืœืคื™ื, ืขื ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื”ื; ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืืจืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื™ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœืื™ื, ืื”ื‘ื•ืช, ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื•ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช, ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื›ืืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•. ื˜ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ื”. ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื—ื•ืœืฃ ื•ื”ื–ืžื ื™ ื”ื™ื ื ื ืฆื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ืœื ื™ื—ืœืคื• ืœื”ื โ€“ ืžื•ืงื“ื, ืžื•ืงื“ืืžืื•ื“,ืžื•ืงื“ืืžื“ื™โ€ฆ

ืื™ื”ื”ื–ื•ืขืงโ€œืจืง ืจื’ืข, ื”ื‘ื” ื ืขืฆื•ืจ ืœืจื’ืข ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืงื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืœืฃ ื”ื–ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื—ืœื•ืฃ ืœื•,โ€ ืฉื”ืจื™ ื™ื—ืœื•ืฃ ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืœื ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืขื•ื“ ืœืขื•ืœื. ื‘ืชื•ื›ื›ื™ ื”ืœื”ื’ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืœื”ื’ื™ื, ืฉืžื ื ืขืฆื•ืจ ืœืจื’ืข ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืข ืœื•, ืœื—ื•ืœืฃ ื”ื–ื”, ืœื”ื–ื™ืœ ื“ืžืขื”.* ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืชืžื•ืกืก ืืœ ื”ืื™ืŸ, ืืœ ื”ืจื™ืง, ืืœ ื”ืชื•ื”ื•. ืžืžืฉ ื›ืฉื ืฉื™ืชืžื•ืกืกื• ืื—ืจื™ื• ื”ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื•, ืฉื’ื ืื•ืชื ื™ืจืงื“ื• โ€“ ืืœื” ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• โ€“ ื›ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“, ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉื™ื™ืžืฉืš ืœื ืฆื—โ€ฆ ืืš ื’ื ื”ื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื•, ื•ืงื”ืœืช ื”ื™ื” ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืขื•ืœื, ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืœืฃ ื—ื•ืœืฃ, ื›ืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืงื”ืœืช ืฆืคื™ื ื•ืขื•ืœื™ื, ื›ื™ื‘ืฉื” ืฉืงื•ืขื” ื”ืžืชื’ืœื” ืขื ื ืกื™ื’ืช ื”ืžื™ื.                        

ืื– ื ืขืฆื•ืจ ืœืจื’ืข? ื”ื ื” ื“ืžื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืจืื™, ื”ื ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื–ื”, ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืจื“ื™ื•, ื”ืขืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืžืืชืžื•ืœ ืฉืขื“ื™ืŸ ืžื—ืœื—ืœ ื‘ื ื•, ื”ืชืงื•ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ืโ€ฆ ื•ื ื“ืข ืœืจื’ืข, ืœื”ืจืฃ ืขื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืจ ื•ื ืžื•ื’, ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืžื•ืง ื•ื›ื•ืื‘ ืฉื”ื›ืœ, ื›ืŸ, ื”ื›ืœ ืขื•ื‘ืจ, ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืขืœืžื•ืช. ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžืขื˜ ืงื˜ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื”. ื ืชื™ื™ื—ื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื•ืช, ื•โ€ฆื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืฉื’ืจื”โ€ฆ

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โ€œื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ื›ืงืฆืฃ ืขืœ ื’ืœื™ ื”ื™ื, ื”ืฆืฃ ืขืœ ืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžื™ื, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืจื•ื—, ื ืขืœื ื”ืงืฆืฃ ื›ืœื ื”ื™ื”. ื›ืš ื ืขืœืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืฉื‘ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช.โ€

ื—ืœื™ืœ ื’โ€™ื•ื‘ืจืืŸ, ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“. ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืืœื™ืฉืจ, 1983.

*ืจืื” โ€œื•ื™ื”ื™ ืขืฆื‘โ€ ื‘ืฉืขืจ ื–ื”.     

                                     ื”ื›ืœ ืขื•ื‘ืจ

ื”ื›ืœ ืขื•ื‘ืจ, ื”ื›ืœ ืขื•ื‘ืจ. ื”ืคืจืกื™ื, ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื”ื›ืœ ืขื•ื‘ืจ.                                                

ืžื” ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืชื™ื” ื•ืฉื‘ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื–โ€™ืงืœื™ืŸ ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืฉืฉ-ืขืฉืจื”, ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืฆืจืคืช? ืื™ืคื” ื”ื ื”ื™ื•ื? ื•ืื™ืคื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉื‘ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืืจื‘ืข ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื”?  

ื›ืœ ืฉืคืŸ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืคืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“, ืืš ื”ื™ื• ืฉืคื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื• ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ืื—ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื•, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื” ื›ืœืœ ืžื™ื”ื• ื”ืฉืคืŸ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™; ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉืคื ื™ื.                                                         

ื”ื›ืœ ื ืข ื”ืœืื”. ืขืœ-ื›ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ื•ืžื™; ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื‘ืœืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื• ืœื ื™ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืื™ื ื ื• ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœื ื•.                                  

ืื ื• ื ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ื ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื ืžืจืฆื•ืช, ื›ืื™ืœื• ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื•ืœื”ื ืฆื™ื— ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™. ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืฉืื—ืจื™ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืฉืคื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืจืคื ื•, ื•ืื ื• ืจืง ืขืชื” ื”ืชืžืงืžื ื•, ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื”ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืžืฉื—ืงโ€ฆ

ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื‘ื ืฉื ืงืจื, ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื“ ื”ื‘ื ืฉื ืคื’ื•ืฉ, ืื•ืœื™ ืชื’ืœื•ืฉ ื—ื•ื›ืžืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจืช ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ื•ืื– ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ื ืชืžืงื ื•ื ืชืื–ืจื— ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•? ื•ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ืื ื• โ€œืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืื•ืชื”โ€ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื: ืงื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื•ืœ, ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช, ืžืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฆโ€™ืงื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ืง, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืฆื โ€œืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื“ ืงื˜ื ื™ืโ€ โ€“ ื‘ืขืฆื, ื˜ืจื ืžืฆืื ื• ืืช ืžืงืžื•ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื. 

ืœื‘ื˜ื— ื–ื• ืจืง ื”ืงื“ืžื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืœืขื™ืงืจ, ืฉืขื•ื“ ื™ื’ื™ืขโ€ฆ

ืืš ื”ื›ืœ ืขื•ื‘ืจ, ื•ืื ื• ื›ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืื• ื”ืขืจื‘ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื โ€“ ื–ื” ืœืงื™ืฅ ื•ื–ื” ืœืœื™ืœื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื” ื›ืœืœ ืื™ื–ื” ืขืจื‘ ื•ืื™ื–ื” ืงื™ืฅ (ื•ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืงืกื•ื ืื• ื—ื); ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ืžื ื• ืชื โ€“ ื–ืžื ื• ืชื, ื•ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ื ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื ื™ืื˜ ื•ืœื ื™ืขืฆื•ืจ.                                        

ื”ื›ืœ, ื”ื›ืœ ืขื•ื‘ืจ. ื•ืื ื• ืขืžื• โ€“ ืืœ ื”ืื™ืŸ ืฉืžืžื ื• ื‘ืื ื•. ื•ืฉื™ืจืชื ื•/ ื–ืขืงืชื ื• ื™ืชืžื–ื’ื• ืขื ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื–ืขืงื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื•, ื™ืชืžื–ื’ื• ืœืชืคื™ืœื” ืื—ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืฉืงื˜, ืชืคื™ืœื” ืฉื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื’ื’ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืช ืชื•ืจื• ื‘ืงืจื ื‘ืœ ื”ืžืชืžืฉืš, ื‘ืงืจื ื‘ืœ ื”ืžืชื—ืœืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืžืข.                

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โ€œืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืฆืžื, ืืฉืจ ืชื—ื™ืœืชื ืื™ื ื” ื‘ืจื—ื, ื•ืกื•ืคื ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืงื‘ืจ, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืœืคื•ืช ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ืจื’ืข ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื ืฆื—. ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื• ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ื—ืœื•ื ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืขืจื•ืช ืฉืื•ืชื” ืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืื™ืžืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช.โ€

ื—ืœื™ืœ ื’โ€™ื•ื‘ืจืืŸ, ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“. ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืืœื™ืฉืจ, 1983.

ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืืœื ืจื›ื‘ืช

ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืืœื ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืชื—ื ืช-ืžื•ืฆื ืืœ ืชื—ื ืช-ื”ื™ืขื“.                        

ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ื ื”ืคื›ืช ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื”, ื•ืžื–ื ื•ื ื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื™ืจ, ืืชืจื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื•ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืคื•ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.                                                          

ื•ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช?                                                                                                   

ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ืื™ื‘ื“ื” ืืช ืžื˜ืจืชื”, ื ื”ื’ื™ ื”ืงื˜ืจ ืžื ืžื ืžื™ื.                                            

ืžืคืขื ืœืคืขื ืงื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื•ื–ื•ืขืง ื ื’ื“ ื”ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ื”ื ืคืฉืข ืฉืœ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืื ื•ืฉื™; ืžืคืขื ืœืคืขื ืฉื•ืืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืืžืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื•: โ€œืžื” ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืืŸ?โ€ โ€œืœืฉื ืžื” ื›ืœ ื–ื”โ€ โ€œืœืืŸ ื ื•ืกืขื™ื?โ€

โ€“ ืื‘ืœ ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžืžื ื•: โ€œื–ื” ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื•โ€ฆโ€

ื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ืœืื”โ€ฆ

ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืจืขื ื ื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื”, ื–ืงื ื™ื ื ืขืœืžื™ื, ื•ืชื—ื ืช-ื”ื™ืขื“ ืžืžืชื™ื ื” ืœื ื•ืกืขื™ื, ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื”, ืจื™ืงื” ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉื•ืžืžืช.    

ืื™ื ืจืฆื™ื”

.

ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื..

ื•ื”ื ืงืžื™ื ื‘ื‘ืงืจ ื›ื™ ืงืžื™ื, ื•ื”ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื™ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื..

ื›ืš ืžืชื’ืœื’ืœื™ื, ืžื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ื, ืžื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ื, ืžื™ื•ืืœื™ื•ื, ืžื™ื•ืืœื™ื•ื.

ื•ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ื ื•ืขื•ื“. ืื™ืŸ ืœืžื” ื•ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื” โ€“ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื..

ืื™ื ืจืฆื™ื”.

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                               ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื—ืžืฆื•

ื”ื›ืœ ื ืข, ืืš ื›ื” ืœืื˜, ื›ื” ื‘ืฉืงื˜ โ€“ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืงืžื™ืœื”, ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืฉืงื˜ื™ื, ืขื“ ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ืื™ื ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ.                                                                                             

ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืืช ืขื‘ืจื, ืืš ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื‘ื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉื™ื, ื›ืื™ืœื• ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื, ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื”โ€ฆ

ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“.                    

ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื›ื” ืฉื•ืงืง ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื, ื•ืžื” ืฉื™ืงืจื” ื›ื” ืžืขื•ืจืคืœโ€ฆ ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื” ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืื—ื•ืจ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ื•ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืืชื” ืฉื, ื•ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืืชื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื, ื›ืื™ืœื• ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชโ€ฆ

ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ื•ืื™ื ื• ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื”; ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื”ื™ืจื—, ื›ื•ื— ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ, ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• โ€“ ื”ื›ืœ ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ืฆื•ืžื— ืื• ื ื•ื‘ืœ, ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ืื• ื ื—ืœืฉ, ืžืชืขืฆื ืื• ื ืžื•ื’.                                          

ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ื ืข ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”, ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื ืข ืคื ื™ืžื”. ื”ื”ืฆื’ื” ื ืจืื™ืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฆื’ื”, ืจืง ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื”ืชื—ืœืคื•, ืžืžืœืื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื.                                                                          

ื”ื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ืช ืžืฉื˜ื” ื‘ื ื•. ืื ื• ืืจื ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืฆื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื” โ€“ ืจืง ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื›ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืงื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•. ื”ื ื” ืื ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืกืคืงื ื• (ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืื ื• ืฉื•ืขื˜ื™ื ื‘ื” ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื ื•) ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืขืฉืจื™ื.                    

ื™ืฉ ื›ืื‘ ื‘ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืœืื—ื•ืจ, ื›ื™ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื’ืข ื‘ืžืœื•ืื•, ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ, ืื ื• ื ื•ื’ืกื™ื ืžืžื ื• ืงืœื•ืช ื•ืจืฆื™ื ื”ืœืื”, ืžื•ืชื™ืจื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืจื’ืข ืฉืืš ืœื ืžื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื”ื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื ื• โ€“ ืžื‘ื•ื™ืฉ, ื’ื•ืœืžื™, ืœื-ืžืžื•ืฆื”, ืœื-ืžื ื•ืฆืœ, ืื‘ื•ื“ ืœืขื“.                               

ื•ืื– ื—ื•ืœืคื•ืช ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื”โ€ฆ

ื•ืื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืœืื—ื•ืจ, ื•ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžืžื•ืžืฉืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื—ืœืฃ ื‘ื•ื›ื” ืžืชื•ืš ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขื‘ืจื ื•: ื”ืฆื™ืœื•, ืืก. ืื•. ืืก.                                                                           

ืืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ื•ืœื ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืขื•ื“ ื•ื–ื” ื›ื•ืื‘. ื•ื”ืชืงื•ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืขื ืคื–ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืœืช ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื, ื”ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ื, ืื™ื ื” ืžืขื™ืคื” ืžื‘ื˜ ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ืœื ืฉืœื ืžื•ืžืฉื• ืขื“ ืชื•ื.. ื›ื™ ืจืง ืคืฉืข ืื—ื“ ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœืชื•: ืœื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ื‘ืจื’ืฉ ื•ืœื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืœื ื”ืชื’ืฉืžื•ืช, ืœืœื ื—ื™ื™ื โ€“ ื›ื™ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ืขื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื•ื—ืžืฆื•.                                                                                                            

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โ€œื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืœื ืกื‘ืœืช ื•ืœื ื’ืืœืช ืขื“ ืชื•ื โ€“ ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœื™ืšโ€

ื”ืจืžืŸ ื”ืกื”

ืขืœ ืจืขื™ื“ืชื” ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืกื‘ืœืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ืกื‘ื•ืŸ

ืžื”ืจื’ืข ืœืจื’ืข ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื•.                                                                                  

ื›ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฉืจื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื– ื•ื ืกืคื’ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจืงืข ื‘ื• ืงื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื•.                                           

ืžืจื’ืข ืœืจื’ืข.                                                                                                              

ืจืฆืฃ ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ืจื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื’ืจื’ืจื™ ื—ื•ืœ, ื•ืขื•ื“ ื’ืจื’ื™ืจ, ื›ืœ ืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืขื ืงื™: ืžื’ืจื’ื™ืจ ืœื’ืจื’ื™ืจ.                                                                                                          

ื›ืš ื—ื™ื™ื ื•, ืžื ืงื•ื“ื” ืœื ืงื•ื“ื”, ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ืžืจื’ืข ืœืจื’ืข.                                                    

ื•ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ืงื ืื• ื ื•ืคืœ ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ื’ื•ืฉ ืฉื‘ื•, ืžืจื’ืข ืœืจื’ืข. ื›ืžื• ืจื•ืœื˜ื”: ืจื’ืข ืงื ืจื’ืข ื ื•ืคืœ, ื‘ื•ืจืกืช ื”ื”ื™ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.                                                                           

ื•ืืฃ-ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ื”ืœืื”, ื”ืœื‘ ื’ื•ืื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข, ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืจื’ืข ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืœ. ื‘ื›ืœ ืกืฆื ื” โ€“ ื”ืœื‘ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืœื”ืชืคืงืข, ืœืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืœื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ ืžืฉืคืขืช ื”ืจื’ืฉ ื”ื’ื•ืื”.                                                                   

ื•ื›ืœ ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืืš ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืกื‘ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ื”ืชื•ืคื—ื•ืช ื•ืจื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ืขื ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื”.                                                                              

ื•ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื ืžืชื—ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืขื” ืœื‘ื•ืขื”, ืจื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืชื ืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืขื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช, ืจื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืชืฉื•ืงื”, ืจื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื—ื”, ืจื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืคื—ื“, ืจื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืกืงืจื ื•ืช, ืจื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืจื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ืจื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื ืžื”ืœื—ืฅ ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืจื’ืข ื”ื‘ื, ืจื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื ืžื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื (ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืจื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื•ื ื•โ€ฆ).    

ื•ืื– ื”ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืจื˜ื˜ื•, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืจืขื“ื•, ื›ืŸ ื™ืชืงืจื‘ ื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ืชื™ืขืฉื” ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื˜ื˜ ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื•ื—ื–ืงื” ืžื“ื™ ืœืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ืกื‘ื•ืŸ. ื•ื›ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืจื”, ืชื’ื™ืข ืืœ ืงื™ืฆื” ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ืกื‘ื•ืŸ. ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื ื• ื•ื—ื™ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืœื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื ืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืขื”, ืื ื• ืžืชืจื’ืฉื™ื ืžื™ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืชืช ืœืจื’ืข ื”ืจื’ื•ืข ืœื–ืจื•ื ืœืจื’ืข ื”ื‘ื ื‘ืจืฆืฃ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ืคืจืข. ืื ื• ืžื ืคื—ื™ื ืืช ื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ืกื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื’ืขื™ืช.                                                        

 ืฆืœื™ืœ ื ื™ืคื•ืฅ ืงืœ, ื•ื”ืจื’ืข ื—ืœืฃ, ืชืžื” ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช, ื—ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื• ื—ืœืคื• ืœื‘ืœื™ ืฉื•ื‘, ื›ืื™ืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืœื.                                                                                                    

ืฉื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื

ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื›ืจื•ืช ืื•ืคืคืช ืืช ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื•ื ื•ื“ืคืช ืžื”ื โ€“ ืฉื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื, ืฉื›ืจื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื ืช-ื™ืชืจ ืžืฉื™ืงื•ื™ ื—ื–ืง ืžื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื•.                                                                                                                             

ื–ืงื ื™ื, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืฉื—ื“ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื ื” ืฉื”ื•ืจื’ืœ ืœื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ื›ืื‘ื™-ื’ืžื™ืœื”, ื ื—ื‘ื˜ ืืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข, ื ื•ืคืœ ืœืจืฆืคื” ื”ืงืฉื” ื•ื”ืงืจื” โ€“ ืืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.                                                                                                                 

ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื, ืฉื™ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืขื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื–ืงื ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื—ืœื” ืฉืชื“ืœื’ ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื›ื™ ืื•ืœื™ ืœื”ื ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืงืจื”โ€ฆ ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ืžื—ื•ืกื ื™ืโ€ฆ ื”ืœื ื”ื ื“ื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”โ€ฆ ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืฆื—โ€ฆ.

ืฉืžื—ืช ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ, ืฉื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ืขื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืžืจืฉืจืฉื•ืช ื•ืžืกืงืจื ื•ืช: ื”ื ืฉื™ืงื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืœื—ื•ืฅ-ืœืืจืฅ, ื”ืืจื•ื—ื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.      

ื•ืื–, ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื โ€“ ื–ื‘ื ื’! ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืคืชื—ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืขื˜ื™ืคื•ืช, ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืชื’ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืงืžื•ื˜ื•ืช, ืžืขื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ืžื’ื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืคื”, ื•ืžืชื’ืœื” ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื, ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ื”ืืžืชื™: ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช, ื‘ื’ื™ื“ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช, ื”ืชืกื›ื•ืœ, ื”ืชืฉื™ืฉื•ืช, ื”ืื›ื–ื‘ื”.                                                                                                                   

ื—ืœืคื• ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื.                                                                                                                

ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ ืฉื•ืขื˜ ื’ืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ืชื•ืกืกื™ื, ื”ื—ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ื”ืžืฆืื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื, ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฆื•ื”ืœื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืœื•ื•ื“ื ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืžืฉื–ื” ื ื•ืฆืจ, ื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ืกืžื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื•ืื– ื”ืื“ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืžืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ืจ ืœืœื ื”ืžื ื”.               

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ืื™ืฉ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืืžืจ ืœื™: โ€œืื ื™ ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.โ€

ืืžืจืชื™: โ€œื‘ืืžืช!โ€

ื•ืื– ืจืื™ืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ืคื•ื ื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืฅ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘โ€ฆ

ื‘ืžืจืื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื‘ื”ืฉืชืงืคื•ืชื• ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžื”.                                                                     

ื“โ€™ ื”โ€™ ืœื•ืจื ืก, 1983 Ultimate Reality

ื–ืงื ื” ื ื—ื•ืฉื”*

ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ื ื—ื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื™ืฉื ื”, ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืืชืžื•ืœ โ€“ ื”ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ื•ืข ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ, ืืœื ืœืžืจื•ืช.                                                                                                           

ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืขื™ืŸ ื–ื• ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื–ืงื ื”, ื‘ืื•ืชื ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ืืกื™ืจื™-ืชื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขื˜ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืขื•ื“ ื ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื. ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ื ืžืฉื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื ืœืœื ืžื˜ืจื”, ืžื—ื›ื™ื ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื™ืคื•ืœ ืขืœื™ื”ื, ืฉื™ืงืจื” ืœื”ื โ€“ ืžืชื•ืงืฃ ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื”ื.                                                                                                                             

ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื, ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื•ืฉื—ืฆื ื™ื ื”ื ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื. ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžืขื˜ (ืžืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืœื”ื), ืืš ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื”, ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืขื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื™ืžืชื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื‘ืฉืงื˜ โ€“ ืœื ืฆื—.          

ื”ื–ืงื ื™ื, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื—ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืืจืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื•ื. ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื’ืœื” ืœื™ื“ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื›ืืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืงืฆืช. ื”ืืฉืœื™ื•ืช ืื–ืœื•, ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืคื—ืชื” ื•ื ื•ืชืจื” ืจืง ื”ืฉืื™ืคื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื ื•ืข, ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.                                                                                                             

ื ื•ืชืจื” ื”ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ืช.                                                                                                           

*

โ€œื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ื–ืจืงื™ื ืืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื•ืืœ ืœื ื• ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืœื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืงื™ืœื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืง ืฉืœื• ื™ืืจื’ืŸ ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืกื“ืจ ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจ, ื™ื ืฆืœ ืืช ื–ืžื ื• ื”ืงืฆื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™. ื‘ื›ืš ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืžื ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื™ื” ืœืžื•ืจื“ ืืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™โ€

ืฉโ€™ ื’ื™ื•ืจื ืฉื•ื”ื, ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช. ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืžืฉื•ื“ืจืช, 

ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, 1987, ืขโ€™ 26 .

      *ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ืจืื” ื”ื–ืงืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื, ืžืืช ืืจื ืกื˜ ื”ืžื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื™. 

ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืคืจื•ื–ื“ื•ืจ

ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืžื›ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•, ื•ื–ื” ื ืžืฉืš ื›ืฉืžื•ื ื”-ืขืฉืจื” ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ื” ื•ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืฆืžื•: ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.                                                                     

ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื• ื’ื“ืœื™ื, ื›ืŸ ืžืชืขืฆืžืช ื‘ื ื• ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื”โ€ฆ

ื•ืื–, ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืขื ืžื ืช-ื—ืœืงื ื•, ืชื”ื ืืฉืจ ืชื”ื: ืจื›ื•ืฉ, ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื’, ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืงืจื™ื™ืจื”, ืžืขืžื“, ื—ื‘ืจื™ื โ€“ ืื• ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื. ืžื ืช-ื—ืœืงื ื• ื–ื• ื ื”ืคื›ืช ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืœืžื—ื•ื–-ื”ื—ืคืฅ ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ โ€“ โ€œื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืฆืžื•โ€, ืฉืืœื™ื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ, ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ืคืจื•ื–ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžืชืžืฉืš ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื. ืื ื• ื ื•ืชืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืขื ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืžืฆื™ืงื”: โ€œืžื”? ื–ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจ? ื–ื” ืฉืืœื™ื• ื”ื•ืœื™ืš ื”ืคืจื•ื–ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจื•ืš ื”ื–ื”?โ€ ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช: ืœื, ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืขื™ืงืจ.โ€

ื›ื™ ื›ืžื• ื‘ื‘ืฆืœ, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืชื•ืš, ืืœื ื’ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื’ืœื“ื™ื. ื›ืš ื—ื™ื™ื ื•: ื›ืœ ืงื˜ืข ืžืงื˜ืขื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื ื• ืคืจื•ื–ื“ื•ืจ, ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืงื˜ืข ื”ื‘ื ืื—ืจื™ื•: ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ืคืจื•ื–ื“ื•ืจ ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช, ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื ืœื’ื™ืœ-ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื”, ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืœ ื”ื–ื™ืงื ื”, ื›ืœ ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื• ืคืจื•ื–ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื’ื™ืœ ื”ื‘ื, ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ, ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”.                                                                                                 

ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื—ื•ื–-ื—ืคืฅ, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจืช ื“ืจืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื•, ื•ืจืง ืžืฉื”ื’ืขืช ืืœื™ื•, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืืžืช ืœื—ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื ื” ืžื•ื˜ืขื™ืช ื•ืืฉืœื™ื”. ืžืชื—ืช ืœืืฉืœื™ื”, ืื ื• ื—ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ื”โ€ืคืจื•ื–ื“ื•ืจื™ื•ืชโ€ ื•ื”ื ื–ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืงื˜ืข ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™, ืืš ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืคืจื•ื–ื“ื•ืจ, ื ื’ื™ืข ืœืกืœื•ืŸ, ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช. ืืš ื’ื ื”ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืžืก ืžืชื—ืช ืœืจื’ืœื™ื ื• ื•ื™ื–ืจื•ื ื”ืœืื”, ืžื•ืชื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืื™ืŸ-ื‘ืจื™ืจื”: ืœื–ืจื•ื ืขื ื”ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ืฉืฉื•ื‘ ื ื”ืคืš ืœืคืจื•ื–ื“ื•ืจ, ื”ื–ื•ืจื ืœืคืจื•ื–ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืโ€ฆ ืžื˜ืžื•ืจืคื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื ืžืฉื›ืช.                                                                                                                       

โ€œืื™ื ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืœืื•ืชื• ื ื”ืจ,โ€ ืืžืจ ื”ืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืก ื”ืืคืœ. ืื›ืŸ, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™: ืื ื• ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช.                       

ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืคืจื•ื–ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื–ื•ืจื ืืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช.                                                                

ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื ื–ื™ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ, ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ, ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื.                                                              

*

โ€œื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ื”ืืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื–ื, ืื™ื ื• ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืื•ืคืง ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื, ืื ื ืจืฆื” ื‘ื›ืš ื•ืื ืœื, ืงื™ื•ื ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช.โ€

ืฉโ€™ ื’ื™ื•ืจื ืฉื•ื”ื, ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช.

ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืžืฉื•ื“ืจืช, ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืขโ€™ 25.

ื‘ืฉื‘ื—ื™ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”

ืžื” ื”ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช? ืื™ื•ืฉื” ืงืœื” ื•ื›ืœื”. ื•ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืœืžื•ืก, ื‘ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื•ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืจื™? ืงื•ืคืฆื™ื ืžืคื™ืชื•ื™ ื–ื” ืœืคื™ืชื•ื™ ืื—ืจ, ืžืžืฉืงืœ ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืœืžืฉืงืœ ืจืฆื•ื™, ืžืจื’ืฉ ืขืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืœื–ืขื ืžื•ืฆื“ืง, ืžื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืœื™ืฆื•ืช, ืžื—ืจื“ื” ืœืฉืื ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืชื–ื–ื™ืช ืขื•ื•ืขื™ื ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืฉื›ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœ, ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืœืžื•ืก ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื—ืœืฃ ื•ืื™ื ื ื•โ€ฆ

ืืš ืžื” ื”ื ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืื ืœื ืื ื—ื” ื—ื•ืœืคืช, ื‘ื•ืขื” ืžืชืคื•ื’ื’ืช, ื”ืฉืชื•ืงืงื•ืช ืฉื—ืœืคื” ืœื”.       

ืื ื• ื•ืฉื™ื’ื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืžื” ืœื”ืฉืชื•ืงืงื•ืชื ื•, ื•ื’ื•ืคื ื• ื•ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ื ื”ืกื•ืคื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื‘ืกื•ืจื“, ื”ืื™ืžื” ื•ื”ื›ื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืœื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ื•ืœืžื•ื•ืช.                         

ื›ื™ ืžื” ื”ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื›ืืŸ, ืื—ืจื™ ื›ื›ืœืช ื”ื›ืœ? ืžืกืข ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื‘ื•ื”ื• ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ืชื•ื”ื•, ื•ืืช ืžืก ื”ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ืื ื• ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื ื•, ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœื ื•, ื‘ื ืคืฉื ื•; ืžืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ืขื ื ื˜ืœ ื”ืžืก ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืฉืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื ื• ื”ืืจื•ื—ื” ื”ื‘ืื”, ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”, ื”ืคืœื™ืจื˜ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ื”ื—ืœืคืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื“ื’ื ื—ื“ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ.                                                    

ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืื“ื ืืช ื”ื ื–ืง ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื ื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืฆืžื. ื›ื™ ืžื” ื”ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช ืื ืœื ืกื“ืจื” ื•ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืจื’ืขื™ื ืื‘ืกื•ืจื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืงืคืงืื™ื™ื, ืฉื˜ื•ืคื™ ืื™ืžื” ื•ืขืจื™ืจื•ืช; ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืžืื•ื. ื›ื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื”ื•ืง ื”ื–ื” ืฉืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื ื™, ืืœื ืžืขืœ, ืžืขื‘ืจ ื•ืžื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื•. ื‘ืžืงืจื•, ื•ืœื ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื• โ€“ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™, ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื•ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”.                                         

ืฉืืœื•ืช ืืœื”, ืฉื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” (ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ื—ื•ื›ืžื”) ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื”ืŸ, ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™, ื”ื—ื™ ื›ืฉืจื’ืœื™ื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื•ื™ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื•ื—ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื.                                

โ€œืื ื™ ืื™ืฉ ืžืขืฉื”โ€, ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ืืคื•ืจ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™, ืฉืงื•ืœื• ืงื•ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ ื‘ื”, ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื” ืœืœื”ื’ ื”ื’ื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ-ื–ืžืŸ, ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื”ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ืกื•ืจื“ ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื” ื‘ื” ื•ืงื™ื™ืžืช, ื•ื”ื”ืชืงืจื ืคื•ืช (ื”ืชื’ืœืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื ื•ืช) ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืœื›ืช ื‘ื” ื‘ื›ื™ืคื”.                                                                                                      

ื›ื™ ืžื” ื”ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช ืื ืœื ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืคื”, ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื™ืชื ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืฉืขื•ื“ ืžืขื˜ ืงื˜ ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื ื•.                          

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ืžื”ื™ ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื ื•ืฃ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื›ืจ ืœืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช                                                                

ื•ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ืงื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื?โ€                                            

ื’โ€™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ, ืฉืœ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื“ื’ืจ.

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โ€œื›ื™ ื‘ืืชื™ โ€“ ืœื ื”ืขื ืงืชื™ ืœืฉืžื™ื ื›ืœื•ื!                                                                             

ืžื•ืชื™ ืœื ื™ื ื—ื™ืœื ืชืคืืจืช ื•ืคืจืกื•ื.                                                                                   

ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื•ืืจ ืžืื•ื.                                                                                         

ืœื ื‘ื ืชื™, ืœืžื” ื‘ืืชื™ ื•ืืฆื ืขื’ื•ื.โ€                                                                             

ืขื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ืื, ื”ืžืจื•ื‘ืขื™ื

ื”ืื™ืŸ โ€“ ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช

ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืืš ื”ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื›ืœื•ื ื•ืฆื•ืžื—ื™ื ืืœ ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืืœ ื”ืจื™ืงื ื•ืช.                                                                               

ื”ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื, ื•ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื: ื‘ืคืื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืื”ื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื, ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™, ื‘ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืฅ-ืœืืจืฅ, ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื ืคืฉ. ืืš ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ื ืคื•ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื—ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืžืกื›ืช ื”ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื”, ืžื—ื•ืคืฉ ืœืžืžืฉื•ืช. ื”ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืžืฆื•ื™ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื, ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื”, ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืง ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•; ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื”.                                                                                

ื›ืืฉืจ ืงื•ืจืกืช ืžื—ื™ืฆืช ื”ืžืžืฉื•ืช ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ื“ืงื”, ืžืชื’ืœื” ื”ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืื•ื“ื•, ืžืžื™ื˜ ืฉื•ืื”, ื˜ื•ืจืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื•ืœืข ืœืขืžืงื™ ืžื—ืฉื›ื™ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืžืคืจื›ืกื™ื. ืขืœ-ื›ืŸ, ืžื’ืคื•ืช, ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช, ืžื”ืคื›ื•ืช, ืžืขืฉื™ ื˜ื‘ื— โ€“ ืื™ื ื ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื’ืจืžื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืžืงืจื™ื ืœื-ืžื•ืฆืœื—, ืืœื โ€œืงืจืขโ€ ื”ืžืชื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ื›ืกื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืฉืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื; ืงืจืข ืฉื”ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืžืฆื™ืฅ ื“ืจื›ื• ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”. ื”ืืกื•ืŸ ืื• ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื”ื ื›ืงืจื—ืช ื”ื ืคืขืจืช ืœืคืชืข ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืฉื ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืžื•ืจื™ืง. ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื“ืฉื ื•ื™ื›ืกื” ืืช ืžืงื•ื ื”ืงืจื—ืช, ื•ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื™ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืจื•ืฉื ืฉื”ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืœื ื‘ื™ืงืจ ืฉื ืžืขื•ืœื, ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื™ื ื• ืงื™ื™ื ื›ืœืœ. ืขื“ ื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื”: โ€œืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืื•ืช ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื ืกืคื• ื‘ืชืื•ื ืช ืžื˜ื•ืก.โ€ โ€œื—ืžืฉืช ืืœืคื™ื ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื ืจืฆื—ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืจื•ื“ื ื™.โ€ โ€œืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ืขืงื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื“ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื”.โ€ ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื›ืกื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืฆืขื™ื ืฉืคืฆืข ื”ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ, ื›ืื™ืœื• ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื›ืืŸ, ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื ืžืฉืœื• ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืช ืžืื– ื•ืžืชืžื™ื“.                                                                                    

ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืืฉืœื™ื” ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืžื™ื“ ืจืง ืขื“ ื”ืงืจืข ื”ื‘ื, ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืคืจื˜ ื›ืžื• ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื›ืœืœ, ื•ื ืฉืืœืช ื”ืฉืืœื”: ืžื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืงืจืข, ืื•ืชื• ืงืจืข ืฉื“ืจื›ื• ื‘ื•ืœืข ื”ืื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉื•ืช ืฉืฆืžื—ื” ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™?                                                                                               

ื”ืงืจืข ื ื•ืฆืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชืคืชื— ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืœื—ืฅ ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•. ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืขื•ืฆืžื” ืื• ืœืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื—ืœืฉ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื ื™ืขื”: ื›ื ื™ืขื” ืœื—ื•ืœืฉื”, ืœืขืฆืœื•ืช, ืœืคื™ืชื•ื™, ืœืกืคืงื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ื™ื, ืœืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื, ืœื”ื™ืกื•ืก, ืœืื™-ื—ืฉืง, ืœืฉืคื™ื˜ื” ื•ืœื”ืืฉืžื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื ื™ืขื” ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืขื•ืช: โ€œื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืžื” ืœื”ืชืืžืฅ?โ€ โ€œืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืโ€ โ€œื”ืื ื–ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ื˜ืจื—ื”?โ€

ืฉืื ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืื• ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื”ืื™ืŸ, ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืื ื˜ื™ืชื–ื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื, ืื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืฉื•ืœื™ื”ื ืœืกื™ืžืŸ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœืฉื”, ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ืคื ื™ืžื”. ื›ืœ ื”ืจืฉืื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืจืฉื™ื ืœืฉืขืžื•ื, ืœืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืจื™ืงื ื•ืช ืงื™ื•ืžื™ืช, ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ-ื–ืžืŸ ืกืชืžื™, ืœืฉืœื™ืœื™ ื•ืœื”ืจืกื ื™, ื›ืžื•ื” ื›ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ื“ืœืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื•ืœื ื’ื•ืก ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื™ื• ืืœื”. ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื’ื“ืœื” ื”ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืžืชืจื—ื‘ ืฉื˜ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื• ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชื• ื”ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช โ€“ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช.                    

ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืœืขื•ืœื ืื™ื ื• ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืืชื ื• ืžืžืฉ, ืืœื ืžืฆื•ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืฉื•ืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•, ื“ืจืš ื”ืื™ืŸ, ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื•: ื”ื›ื ื™ืขื”, ื”ืจื™ืงื ื•ืช, ื”ืฉืขืžื•ื ื•ื”ืฉื™ืžืžื•ืŸ.                                                

ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื™ื ืฆื— ื”ืื™ืŸ ืชืžื™ื“, ืฉื›ืŸ, ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืžืชื•ื•ืš ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื™ื ื• ื–ืžื ื™, ื•ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื ื—ืœืฉ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ, ืžืชืคื•ืจืจ ื•ื ืžื•ื’ ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืื™ืŸ. ืืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืื—ืช ื“ืจื›ื• ืžืžื™ืœื. ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืฉืžืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ืžืก ืฉืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืœื ื‘ื‘ื•ื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืื™ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื™ื— ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ืœื›ื•ื— ื”ืืžืชื™, ื”ื ืฆื—ื™ ื•ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžืชื›ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืฆืžื•ื— โ€“ ืขื“ ืฉืชื”ื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืžื•ื’ืžืจืช. ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื ื”ืžืžืฉื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ื•ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ืžืขืœ ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืื™ื•ื ื”ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ื•ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืœื‘ืœ ื ืจืฉื” ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืข ืœืกืคืง, ืœืื•ื–ืœืช-ื”ื™ื“, ืœืฉืขืžื•ื.                                                                                                                    

ืฉืื ืœื ื›ืŸ, ื—ื•ื“ืจ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื•ืœืข ืืช ื ื™ืฆื ื™ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจื™ื™ื, ืฉืขืœ ืื—ืจ ืฉืขืœ, ื•ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœืขื™ื ื™ื• ื”ืจื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ืžืช ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.                                            

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โ€œื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืื™ื ื• ื“ื•ืžื” ื›ืœืœ ืœื—ื™ื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื. ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืงืข ืžืชื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•. ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืจืฅ ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื”ื ื•ื’ื”ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื™ืฉื•ืชื ื• ื•ืžื ืคืฆืช ืื•ืชื” ืœืขืจืคืœ ื“ืง ืฉืœ ืจืกื™ืกื™ ื‘ื“ื•ืœื— ื”ืžืชืคื–ืจ ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ืœืœ.โ€

ืืจื™ื” ื™ืขืงื•ื‘ ืœื™ื™ื‘, ื“ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืืŸ. ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื’ืœ, ืขโ€™ 61.

ืžื“ืื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”

ืžืื“ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื’ื‘ืจืช ื–ืงื ื”, ื‘ืื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื. ื”ื™ื ืจืืชื” ื”ื›ืœ, ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”. ืจืืชื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ื”ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืคืขื ื”ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช โ€œืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืชโ€, ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืขื™ื ืฉืจืง ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ื”ื โ€“ ื”ื ื™ืฆืœื™ื—ื•.                                                    

ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืงืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื–ืชื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืžืฅ ื•ื”ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช; ื”ื™ื ืžืžืชื™ื ื” ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืื• ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืคื ื˜ืกื™ื”: ื›ืžื• ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ 5 ื”ืืคื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืก ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืืŸ ืื ื“ืจืกืŸ, ืฉื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื ืจืขื ื ื™ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื, ื ื—ื• ืœื”ื ืขืœ ืื“ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ, ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืฉื™ื•ื•ื” ื‘ื ืคืฉื• ืฉืขื•ื“ ืžืขื˜ ืงื˜, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ื”ื ืฉืœื•โ€ฆ ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขืฆืžื (ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช) ืžื™ ื‘ืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ื—ืชื•ืœ, ืžื™ ื‘ืžื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื‘ ืงื•ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืžื™ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืจื’ืœื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ืจ-ืื•ืจื—.                                                                                                         

ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื’ื“ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื•ืช, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ื›ื™ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœื“ื‘ืจ, ืœื ื™ื”ื ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ: ื—ื™ื™ืœื™-ืฆืขืฆื•ืข ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ืžืฆื•ืง. ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆืขืฆื•ืข ืžืชื“ืจื“ืจื™ื, ืžืชื’ืœื’ืœื™ื ื•ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ืžื˜ื”, ืœืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืง. ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื—ื™ื™ืœื™-ืฆืขืฆื•ืข ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืื“ืžื” ื”ืฉื•ืชืงืช ืฉืžืžื ื” ื‘ืื•, ืฉืžืžื ื” ืงื•ืจืฆื• ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ื™ื™ืžืกื•.                                      

ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช, ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช, ืชืฉื•ืงื•ืช, ืจื•ืžื ื™ื, ืžืื‘ืงื™ ื›ื•ื— ื•ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” โ€“ ื›ื•ืœื ืขื‘ืจื• ื’ื–ื•.                 

ืขืฉื‘ ื™ืจื•ืง ืฆื•ืžื— ืขืœื™ื”ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.                                                                                        

ืฉืงื˜, ื”ืก.                                                                                                                   

ื›ืœ ื”ืžืืžืฅ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื”ืžื•ืœื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฉืœ ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื”, ื ืžื™ื ืขืชื”.                                          

ื ืžื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื.                                                                                                                      

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โ€œืœื ืžืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืคื™, ื›ื™ ืืžืช ืื’ื™ื“:                                                                                     

ืื ื—ื ื• โ€“ ื›ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื™ื“ ืืœ ืชืจืงื™ื“.                                                                                 

ื ืฉื—ืง ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ืงืฆืจ ืขืœื™ ื‘ืžืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื                                                                           

ื•ื ื’ืœื•ืฉ ืžื”ืจ ืœื—ื™ืง ื”ืชื•ื”ื• ื”ืžืื‘ื™ื“.โ€                                                                         

ืขื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ืื, ื”ืžืจื•ื‘ืขื™ื.

ื”ืžื•ื•ืช

ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช, ืืš ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื™ื•ื“ืข ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.                                           

ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื•ืชื, ื”ื ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ืขืฆืžื.                                                 

ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื, ื“ื•ื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ื•ื›ืœ.                                                        

ืืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื™ืœื” ืื ื• ืžืชื™ื ืงืฆืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžืช ื‘ื ื• ืžืฉื”ื•, ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื• ื”ื›ืœ ื•ื›ื•ืœื, ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืžืชื™ื.                                                                                                                   

ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื™ื™ื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื’ืœืžื•ืชื”: ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืœืžืฉืš ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื, ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืœื. 

  ืื ื•, ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืžื•ืช

ื“ืจืš ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืžื•ืช ื ืจืื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจืช.                                                           

ื™ืงืจื™-ืขืจืš ื›ืฆืžื™ื“ ืฉืื‘ื“.                                                                                            

ื›ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืง ืœืฆื•ืœืœ ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช.                                                                                             

ื›ื‘ืจื›ื” ืœืžืงื•ืœืœ.                                                                                                        

ื›ื˜ื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืคืข โ€“ ืื ื• ื ืจืื™ื ืœื”ื, ืœืžืชื™ื.                                                    

ื•ื”ื, ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืžื•ืช, ืžื ื•ืคืคื™ื ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื–ื’ื•ื’ื™ืช ืื˜ื•ืžื”, ื—ื“-ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช, ืจื•ืื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื ื ืจืื™ื.                                                                                                             

ื”ื ืžื ื•ืคืคื™ื ื ื•ืืฉื•ืช, ื•ืงื•ืœื ืœื ื ืฉืžืข.                                                                      

ื•ื”ืฉืงื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื™ื ื ืžื ื—ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืจื™ื“ื” ื”ื ื•ืืฉืช ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื. ืœืžืขืœื”, ืœืžื˜ื”, ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื•ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื ื•, ื‘ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื.                   

ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืžื•ืช ืžื ืกื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืชืฉื•ืžืช-ืœื‘, ื•ืื ื• ืžืชืจื•ืฆืฆื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืœืžื•ืก ืื“ื™ืจ, ื—ื•ืœืคื™ื ื“ืจื›ื ืžื‘ืœื™ ื“ืขืช, ืฉื•ืื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืื’ื” ื”ืื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.                              

ืื™ื ื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื, ืื™ื ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื, ืื™ื ื ื• ื—ืฉื™ื ื›ืœืœ ืฉืžื•ืœื ื•, ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืœื ื• ืžืžืฉ, ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื, ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื ืžื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื’ื–ื™ื.                                                                                                  

ื•ืื ื•, ื›ืœืœ ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.                                                                                                   

ื—ืจืฉื™ื ืžื”ืžื•ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ืโ€ฆ

*

ืฆื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ืœื“ื”                                                                                                       

ืฆื•ืคื™ื” ืฉื™ื—ืงื” ื‘ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช                                                                                                

ื”ื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื” ืฉื™ื•ื ืื—ื“                                                                                                  

ืชืฉื›ื‘ ืขื ืฆื‘ื™ ื ื‘ื•ืช                                                                                                          

ื•ืื—ืจื™ื• ืขื ืืœื—ื ืŸ ื“ื”-ืžื™ื•                                                                                                

ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืชื™ืกืข ืœื”ื•ื“ื•                                                                                                       

ื•ืชืฉืชืงืข ื‘ืื•ื”ื™ื•                                                                                                           

ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืœื“ ื‘ืŸ ืœืื“ื’ืจ ืžืจืœื•                                                                                               

ืืฉืจ ืžืžื ื• ืชืชื’ืจืฉ ื—ื™ืฉ                                                                                              

ื•ืชืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขื ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ืคื™ืœื™ืค ืœื”-ืจื™ืฉ                                                                                      

ืœืžื•ื ื˜ื” ืงืจืœื•                                                                                                              

ืขื ื—ื‘ืจืชื” ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืกื•ื–ื ื”                                                                                            

ืชืžื•ืช ื‘ืชืื•ื ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื                                                                                                        

ื‘ืฆื•ืžืช ืจืขื ื ื”.                                                                                                                

ืืช ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืœื ื™ื“ืขื” ืฆื•ืคื™ื”                                                                                               

ื‘ืฉื—ืงื” ื‘ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื”                                                                                                            

ื”ื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื” ืฉืื™ืŸ                                                                                                       

ืฉื•ื ืคืฉืจ ืื• ืžื•ื‘ืŸ                                                                                                        

ืœื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”                                                                                                                            

ื›ื™ ืื™ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื ื‘ื•ืจ                                                                                                      

ื•ืชืจืื” ืขื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ืขืจืš                                                                                               

ื•ืžื™ ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ื•ืžื™ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื™ื•ื“ืข                                                                                               

ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข.                                                                                                   

ืฆื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ืœื“ื”                                                                                                          

ื›ืš ื ืขื–ื•ื‘ ืื•ืชื” ืœืคื™ ืฉืขื”                                                                                                  

ื”ื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื”                                                                                                                

ื ืงื™ื” ืžืขืชื™ื“ื”.

ื—ื ื•ืš ืœื•ื™ืŸ

ื”ืœืื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”

ื›ืœ ืฉื—ื™, ื›ืœ ืฉืื•ืจื’ื ื™, ื›ืœ ืฉืฆื•ืžื— ื•ื’ื“ืœ โ€“ ื ืฉื˜ืฃ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื’ืœื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ื ืฉื˜ืฃ ื”ืœืื”, ื ืฉื˜ืฃ ื”ืœืื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.                                                                                                           

ื”ืคืจืขื•ืฉ ื•ื”ื—ืžื•ืจ, ื ื‘ื˜ ื”ืขืฉื‘ ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื”, ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืขื•ืจืš ื”ื™ื•ืžื•ืŸ, ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ื•ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจืกืœ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ื”ื–ื•ื ื” ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืืœื•ืŸ. ื”ื—ื™ื•ืš ืฉืœืš, ื”ืžื‘ื•ื™ืฉ, ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื™, ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืจื”, ื•ื”ืื’ืจืกื™ื” ืฉืœื•, ื”ื‘ื•ื˜ื” โ€“ ื›ื•ืœื ื ืฉื˜ืคื™ื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืœืื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉื•ื‘.                                                                                                                 

ื•ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื™ื™ืฉื˜ืคื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื”ืœืื”, ื”ืœืื”, ื”ืœืื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”. ื•ื’ื ื”ื ื™ื™ืฉื˜ืคื• ื”ืœืื”, ื”ืœืื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”. ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”!                                                                                      

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โ€œืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื”, ื•ืžื” ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื—ื“ืฉ ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ. ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืืžืจ ืจืื” ื–ื” ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื•ื, ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืขืœืžื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžืœืคื ื™ื•. ืื™ืŸ ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœืจืืฉื ื™ื ื•ื’ื ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื•, ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”.โ€                                       

ืงื”ืœืช, ืคืจืง ื, ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื˜ โ€“ ื™ื.

                        ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ

ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ืœ. ืืชื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื“ืจื›ื•, ื•ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ืš ื ื•ืชืจื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ืš. ืืš ื”ืจื•ื—, ืกืขืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœ, ื”ื’ืฉื, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ืš, ื™ืžื—ื• ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืืช ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ืš, ืขื“ ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ื™ื•ื•ื“ืข ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื”ืœื›ืช. โ€“ ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื›ืžื” ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื™-ื“ื•ืคืŸ; ื”ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื” ืฉืœื ืจืง ื”ืœื›ื• ื‘ื•, ืืœื ื’ื ืขืฉื• ืขื™ืžื• ืžืฉื”ื•.                                          

ื›ื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ืœ, ื•ื›ืžื•ื”ื• โ€“ ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘, ืœื”ืฉืคืขื”. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื™ืžื• ืฆื•ืจื•ืช, ื ืคื—ื™ื, ื’ื“ืœื™ื; ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื, ืžื—ื™ืœื•ืช, ื—ื•ืžื•ืช ืื• ื”ืจื™ื.                                               

ื•ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืฉืจื™ื“, ืกื™ืžืŸ, ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื ื•: ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ.                                                                                                   

ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉืงื˜ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื—ื•ืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื, ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื• โ€“ ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื. ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉืงื˜ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื ืขืœื, ื•ืจืง ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื•ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืขื ื–ืžื ื. ื›ืŸ, ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ืœ ื•ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืืœื” ืฉืจืง ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืจื›ื•, ื”ื•ื ื—ืกืจ ืฆื•ืจื”, ื—ืกืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช. ืขืœ-ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžื™ืขื™ื ื”ื, ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื•, ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ โ€œืื ื™ ื›ื” ืžืฉื•ืขืžื.โ€ ืื•: โ€œื”ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื•ื—ืœ ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืœืื˜.โ€

ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ืืžืŸ, ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืขื ื—ื•ืžืจ-ื”ื’ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,* ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื–ืžืŸ ื›ืืœ ืžืฆืจืš ื™ืงืจ ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘. ื•ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื”, ื™ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœืืžืŸ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืขืฆื‘ื• ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžื•ื—ื•.                                                                                                                     

ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื“ื•ืจื›ื•ืช ื•ืจื•ืžืกื•ืช ืื•ืชื•, ื•ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืžืขืฆื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืจืืฉ.      

ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื โ€“ ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ื”ื—ื•ืœ โ€“ ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื›ื” ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืจ, ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ืš ืื•ืชื• ื”ืฆื™ื“ื”, ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื“ืข ื›ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื. ืืš ื›ืฉืื•ืกืคื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ื™ื—ื“, ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื›ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื“ืงื•ืช ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื”.                                                    

ื™ืฉื•ืช ื–ื•, ืื ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืชืจื” ืœืœื ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•, ื”ื™ื ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœ, ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ, ืฉืžืžื” ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฆื—ื™ื— ื•ืžืช. ื•ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช, ื’ืจื’ืจ ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ืœื’ืจื’ืจ, ื•ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืจืขื•ืช ืžืื—ื•ืจ, ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื-ืžื ื•ืฆืœ.                                 

ื›ืš ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•: ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืื“ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื“ืจื›ื• ื•ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื” ืขื™ืžื• ื“ื‘ืจ-ืžื” ื ื”ืคืš ืžื™ื™ื“ ืœืฉืžืžื”.                                                                                                                       

ืขื“ ื›ืืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ:                                                                                              

ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืœื“ืจื•ืš (ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื) ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ โ€“ ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ.                                                             

ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”: ืœืขืฆื‘ื• (ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื) ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืชืช ืœื• ืฆื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช.                                                      

ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช? ื”ืจืžื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื›ื—ื•ืฃ (ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื—).                     

ื•ืื ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” โ€“ ืžื“ื‘ืจ.                                                                                           

ื•ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” โ€“ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืืžื ื•ืชื™.                                                                                         

ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช โ€“ ื—ื•ืฃ ืฉืื—ืจื™ื• ืžืฉืชืจืข ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกโ€ฆ

ื•ื‘ืจืžื” ื–ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื”ืฉืชื•ืงืงื•ืช, ื”ืฆืžื, ื”ื›ืžื™ื”ื” โ€“ ืœืžื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฆื—ื™ื—ื•ืช, ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ. ืœืžื™ื ืฉื™ืจื•ื• ืœืขื•ืœื ื•ืขื“ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืžืื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืจื ืžื›ืœ โ€“ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืžืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™.           

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*ืจืื” ื”ืžืกื” โ€œื”ืื“ื ื•ืฉืืœืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืคื ื•ื™โ€ ื‘ืฉืขืจ ื–ื”.     

ื—ื™ื™ื ื•

ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”, ืชื•ืคืฉื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื•ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ืžื•ื ื— ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ืขื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืขื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืงืจื™ื•ืช, ืขื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื’ืจื” ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ื•ื”ื ื” ืื ื• ืžืงืœืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื™ืฉ ื ื›ืกืฃโ€ฆ ืืš ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• โ€“ ืขื˜ื™ืคื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืžื•ืฉืœื›ืช ืœืคื— ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืžื• ืงื• ื”ืื•ืคืง: ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ืฆืขื“ ืœืงืจืืชื•, ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืจื—ื•ืง, ื”ื–ื•ื™, ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžื•ืฉื’.                                                                                    

ื›ืš ื—ื™ื™ื ื•, ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ืงื• ื”ืื•ืคืง, ื›ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื”, ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ืช ื’ืœื•ื™ื” โ€“ ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื•ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช: ืืš ื‘ื”ื’ื™ืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉืจื” ื•ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื, ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืขื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืกืžื•ืช ืืช ืงื• ื”ืื•ืคืง: ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืฉื™ืžืžื•ืŸ, ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงืฉื”, ืขื•ืœ ืคืจื ืกื”, ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช, ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืขื›ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“.                  

ืืš ื’ื ื›ืืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชื•ืจ ืื—ืจ ื ืคืœืื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื: ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ืื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื“ืจ, ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื‘ื ืกื™ืขื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืœื—ื•ืฅ-ืœืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื‘ืชื™-ื”ื—ืจื•ืฉืช ืœื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืกื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื.                                              

ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ื“ืœ ื•ืกื™ื ื˜ื˜ื™ ืœื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉ, ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืชืจื• ืขืœื•ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื•ืœื™ื™ื โ€“ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืขื˜ื™ืคื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืœืฃ ื“ืจื›ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.                                                                                   

ืืš ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช? ืžืขื‘ืจ ื•ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืกื ืŸ ื”ืžืชื•ื•ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืฉืœื™ื™ืชื™ืช?    

ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ื‘ืฆืœ, ืจืง ืงืœื™ืคื•ืช, ืจืง ื“ืžืขื•ืช.

ืืš ืื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืฆืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืจืง ืงืœื™ืคื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืจืง ืชื•ื›ืŸ. 

ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื”, ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื›ืงืœื™ืคื•ืช ื•ืจื™ืงื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืžื”ื•ืช.

ื”ืคื™ื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืœื–ืื‘

ืœืคืชืข ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”.                                                                                                         

ืœื ื‘ื”ื™ื—ื‘ื, ืืš ื’ื ืœื ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™ ืขื ืฉืœื˜ ืื–ื”ืจื”.                                                          

ืœืคืชืข, ื ื”ืคืš ื”ืื“ื ืœื–ืื‘.                                                                                         

ื’ื•ืคื• ืžืชืงืฉืช, ืฉืขืจื• ืžืชืขื‘ื”, ืžืชืงืฉื” ื•ืžืกืชืžืจ, ื’ื•ืคื• ืžืชืืจืš ื•ื ื“ืจืš, ืงืคื•ืฅ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื, ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื ืชืจ, ืœื–ื ืง ืขืœ ื˜ืจืคื•. ืขื™ื ื• ืžืฆื˜ืžืฆืžื•ืช ืœื—ืจื™ืฅ ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืื™ื‘ื”, ืคื™ื• ื ืคืขืจ, ื•ื ื”ืžื” ืคื•ืจืฆืช ืžืžื ื•, ื ื”ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช ื•ืžืœื—ืžื”. ืื™ื‘ื” ืžื™ืชืžืจืช ืžืžื ื• ื•ืื•ืคืคืช ืื•ืชื• ื›ื—ืฉืจืช ืขืจืคื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืงืจ.                                                                                            

ื”ื•ื ื ื™ื‘ื˜ ื‘ืš ืœืคืชืข ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœื—ืœื•ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืคืงืง ืฉืœ ืฉืขืช ืขื•ืžืก. ื”ื•ื ืžื–ื ืง ืขืœื™ืš ืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืขืช ืฉื™ื—ื” ืงื•ืœื—ืช, ืฆื•ืขืง, ืฆื•ื•ื—, ืžื’ื“ืฃ, ืžื˜ื™ื— ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ื•ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื, ื•ืคืชืื•ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื, ืžื›ื•ืขืจ ื•ื ื•ื“ืฃ ืขื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืช.                                                                                                        

ืœื•ืข ื”ืชื•ืคืช ืคืขืจื” ืืช ืคื™ื” โ€“ ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื, ื‘ืžืœื ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืชื•, ืฉืœื™ื— ื”ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืžืœืืš ื”ื’ื™ื”ื™ื ื•ื ื›ืื—ื“.                                                                                                            

ืžื” ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื•, ืœืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘? ืœื–ื‘ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื ื•ื— ื•ื”ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ-ืคื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช? ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ื›ื™ื• ื•ืฆื—ื•ืช ืœืฉื•ื ื•, ืฉื›ื” ื”ื™ื›ืจื ื•?                                                                                                  

ืžื™ ื–ื•, ื”ืžืคืœืฆืช ื”ืžื›ื•ืขืจืช ื”ื–ืืช? ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฆืฆื” ืœื” ื›ืš, ืคืชืื•ื?                     

ืžื” ื’ืจื ืœืžื˜ืžื•ืจืคื•ื–ื” ื”ื ื•ืจืื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช?                                                                            

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื”ืคืš ื”ืื“ื ืœื–ืื‘?                                                                                                  

*

โ€œืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช: ื”ื ื—ืœืงื™ื, ืžืœื•ื˜ืฉื™ื ื•ืงื”ื™ื โ€“ ืขื“ ืฉืฉื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื; ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ื”ื ื—ื“ื™ื, ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ, ื›ืœ ืจืกื™ืก ื—ื•ืชืš ื•ื ื•ืงื‘โ€

ื–โ€™ืืŸ ืคื•ืœ 

ื”ืœื ืงืจื‘

ืงืฉื” ืœื ื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืื—ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืชื ื• ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื•, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื“.                               

ืงืฉื” ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฉืคืŸ ื—ื™ ืืช ืฉืคื ื™ื•ืชื• ืขื ืฉืคืŸ ืื—ืจ ืื• ื”ื›ืœื‘ ืืช ื”ื›ืœื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืขื ื›ืœื‘ ืื—ืจ. ืœื ื• ื–ื” ืงืฉื”, ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“. ืื ื• ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืจ, ื“ืจืš ื”ื–ืจื•ืช: โ€œืžื” ืฉืœื•ืžืš?โ€ โ€œืžื” ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื?โ€

ื—ืกืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื”ืจืฆืฃ ื”ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื–ืจื™ืžื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืื—ืช ื”ืžืชื—ื‘ืจืช ืœื–ืจื™ืžื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืื—ืจืช, ื›ืš ืฉโ€ืื ื™ ื™ืฉื ื™โ€ ืื—ื“ ืžืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœโ€ืืชื” ื™ืฉื ืšโ€ ืื—ืจ ื•ืฉื ื™ื ื• โ€œื™ืฉื ื ื•โ€ ื‘ื™ื—ื“.           

ืœื ื›ืš ืืฆืœื ื•. ื—ืžืช ื ื™ื›ื•ืจ ืื—ืช ืคื•ื’ืฉืช ื—ื•ืžืช ื ื™ื›ื•ืจ ืื—ืจืช, ื•ืื ื• ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื โ€“ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื—ื•ืžื•ืช โ€“ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื, ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื›ื•ื—, ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื—ื™ื–ื•ืจ, ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื”ืชืจืกื”, ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืขืœื‘ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืืฉืžื” โ€“ ื•ื”ื›ืœ ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื— ื˜ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ืืœื™ ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช. 

ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื“ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ื” ื–ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืคืจื•ื‘ื•ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื™ื•ืช, ืฉืขืžืŸ ื•ื“ืจื›ืŸ ืื ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื—ืžืื”, ืคื’ื™ืขื”, ืžืฉื™ื›ื”, ื“ื—ื™ื™ื” ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ื•ื”ื›ืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื‘ืจืฆืฃ ื”ื˜ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ื”: โ€œืื– ืื™ืคื” ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื”?โ€ โ€œืžื” ืขืฉื™ืช ืืชืžื•ืœ?โ€ โ€œืื– ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœืšโ€ ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืคื˜ืคื•ื˜ ื•ื”ืœื”ื’ ืฉื’ืจืชื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืŸ ืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืืจื•ื’ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื”ื ืžืกื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืกื‘ื•ื›ื”, ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœ ืžืกืจื™ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื.                                 

ื”ืืžืช ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื™ื ืคืœื™ื˜ ื”ืžืชื—ื‘ื ื‘ืชืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื“ืจืš, ื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ ื”ื˜ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืขื‘ื™ื, ืžืกืชืชืจ ืžืื™ืžืช ืฉืจื™ืงืชื ืฉืœ ืคื’ื–ื™ ื”ืจื’ืฉ. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืืœื”, ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ืืœื ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืจื’ืฉ ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ื‘ื•ื—ื ืช ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื–ื•ืœืช ืžื‘ื“ืจ, ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื’ืจื” ืืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื ื•.                                         

ื›ืš, ืœื ื ื•ืชืจ ืœื™ืฉื•ืชื ื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืืœื ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ื‘ืงื•ืจ, ื‘ืจืขื‘, ื‘ืฆืžื ื•ื‘ืžื—ื ืง. ื•ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ืจืฉืžื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื, ื”ื™ื ื ืžืงื” ืื˜-ืื˜.                                                                            

ื•ืื ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืชืกืคื•ื’ ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ืคื’ื–-ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืื—ืจืช, ื”ื™ื ืชืคืงื— ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื ื“ื”ืžื•ืช ื•ืชื™ื›ื ืก ืœื”ืœื ืงืจื‘.      

โ€ฆืืœื™ ืงืจื‘

ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ื”ืงืจื‘ ืื™ื ื• ื ื™ื˜ืฉ ื‘ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืชื™ื ื•. ื”ืงืจื‘, ืœืžืขื˜ ืื™ื–ื• ื”ืชืœืงื—ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืžืคืขื ืœืคืขื โ€“ ื ืจืื” ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืืชื ื•.                                                                                    

ื”ื“ื™ ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืื™-ืฉื, ื”ืชืคืจืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื โ€“ ืืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืœื” ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืืœื™ื ื• ืžืขืœ ื“ืคื™ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื•ืžืžืจืงืข ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”, ื›ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืื—ืจ.                                                                                                               

ื›ืืŸ, ืืฆืœื ื•, ืขื•ืœื ื›ืžื ื”ื’ื• ื ื•ื”ื’, ื•ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ืฉื, ื“ื™ ืฉืงื˜. ื”ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ืŸ ืœื’ืŸ, ื”ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืœืื™ื˜ื ื•ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื—ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืกื“ืจ ืืช ื”ืืจื’ื–ื™ื ื‘ืคืชื—.   

ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื•ื ื ืฆื—ื™ ื•ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ื”ืฉืœื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื ืฆื—, ื›ืš ื ืจืื”, ื•ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ ื’ื“ืœ ื•ืžืชืคืชื— ืžื•ืœ ื”ื ืฆื— โ€“ ื“ื•ืจ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื“ื•ืจ ื•ืขื•ื“.                                                                             

ื•ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”? ื•ื”ืงืจื‘? ื”ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ื‘ื™ ื•ื‘ืš ื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืจืงืŸ ื•ืืจื’ื–ื™ื•, ื‘ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื”ืื ื”ื“ื•ื—ืคืช ืืช ืขื’ืœืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื•ื‘ื“ื•-ืฉื™ื— ืฉื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืœืืฉืชื• ื”ื™ื•ื ืื—ืจ-ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื. 

ื”ืงืจื‘ ืžืชื ื”ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ, ื‘ืœื—ื™ืฆืช ืจื’ืœื ืขืœ ื“ื•ื•ืฉืช ื”ื’ื–. ื”ืงืจื‘ ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื” ื•ื”ืื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืคืขืคืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ืžืขืœื™ืช ืขืžื•ืกืช ื”ื ื•ืกืขื™ื.  

ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ. ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื โ€“ ื™ื“ ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืื—ื™ื• ื•ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื•ื—ื™ื ืืœื™ ื’ืจื•ืŸ. ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืœื™ ื—ืฆื•ืฆืจื•ืช, ืœืœื ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ืงืจื‘ ื•ื”ื›ืจื–ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื‘ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ื”ืฉืงื˜ ื•ื”ืžื–ื“ื—ืœ ื”ื–ื”, ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืคื˜ืคื•ื˜ื™ ื”ืกืจืง โ€“ ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืคื ืชืจ-ื—ืจืฉ, ื›ืงืคื™ืฅ ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื›ื”, ื›ื’ื—ืœ ืขื•ืžื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืจื•ื— ืื—ืช ืœืื—ืจืช.                                                                                         

ื‘ืฉืœ ื•ืžืœื ืขื“ ืœื”ืชืคืงืข ื”ื•ื ื”ืงืจื‘, ืฉืจื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืชืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™. ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ื ืžื ืข ืขื•ื“ ืงืจื‘ ื‘ืจื’ืข ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ืขื•ื“ ืžื•ืงืฉ ื”ื•ืฉืœืš ืืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืžืชื—ืช ืœืฉื˜ื™ื—, ืœืžืฆื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืชืช-ืžื•ื“ืข ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ื”ืื™ืฉื™.                                                                       

ื”ืขื•ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ, ื”ื˜ื™ื ื” ื‘ื ื—ื™ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ืœื‘ื˜ื— ื‘ื›ืœ โ€œืฉืœื•ืโ€, ื‘ื›ืœ โ€œืžื” ื ืฉืžืขโ€, ื‘ื›ืœ โ€œืื”ืœืŸโ€. ืฉืคืœื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ื ื‘ืฉืจ ื”ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื; ื’ืกื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืจืขื•ื; ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืชื‘ืฉืœื™ื ืขืœ ืืฉ ืงื˜ื ื”, ืขืœ ืืฉ ืงื˜ื ื˜ื ื” ื•ืžืชืžื“ืช, ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื‘ืื”.                                           

ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืขืฆื‘

ื™ืฉ ื•ื‘ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืขืฆื‘.                                                   

ืขืฆื‘ ืฉืงื˜, ืฉืœื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืฉืœื™ื•. ื›ืื™ืœื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจ-ืžื”.                                          

ื•ื‘ื—ืœื•ืฃ ืขืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืจื™ื, ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™-ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืืช ื™ืžื™ื”ื ื‘ืžืขื™ืŸ ืฉืงื˜ ืขืฆื•ื‘; ืฉืœื ื›ื‘ื ื™-ื”ืื ื•ืฉ ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื, ื”ืžื ืกื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ืืช ืžืฉื•ื‘ืช ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื ื•ืืช ืฉื›ืจื•ืŸ ื ืขื•ืจื™ื”ื ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื”, ื‘ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื™ื, ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ื‘ืกื˜ื•ืฆื™ื, ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื•ืช, ื‘ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ;* ื ืื—ื–ื™ื ื‘ื”, ื‘ืฉืžื—ื”, ื›ืื™ืœื• ื ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื’ืจืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ืื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉืืจื™ืช ื™ืžื™ื ื•. ืœื•ืคืชื™ื ืื ื• ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžืขื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืชื•ื—ื” ื•ืžืชืืžืฆืช: ืขื•ื“ ื™ื™ืŸ, ืขื•ื“ ืกืงืก, ืขื•ื“ ืื•ื›ืœ, ืขื•ื“ ืžื•ืกื™ืงื”. ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืื ื• ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื, ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื โ€“ ืขื•ื“ ืงืฆืช, ืขื•ื“ ืงืฆืช.                                                                                                                            

ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” ื”ืžืื•ืœืฆืช ื”ื–ืืช ื™ืฉ ื”ืชื›ื—ืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ืงื™ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ื”ืฆื•ืขื“ ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืœืงืจืืช ืกืชื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื•, ืœืงืจืืช ื›ืœื•ืชื•.                                                                      

ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื”ื™ื ื” ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื โ€“ ืขื ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืื“ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช โ€“ ื›ืš ื”ืขืฆื‘ ื”ื™ื ื• ืืžื™ืชื™ ื•ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื‘ืฉืœื•ืช โ€“ ืขื ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ืœ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•.                                                                                                                       

ืื“ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช ืœื”ืชื‘ื’ืจ ื•ืœื”ื–ื“ืงืŸ ื‘ืขื ื•ื•ื”, ื‘ืฉืงื˜, ื‘ืฉืœื•ื•ื” ื•ื‘ืงื‘ืœื” โ€“ ื›ืื™ืœืŸ ื‘ืกืชื™ื•, ืžืœื ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื•ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืขืฆืžื™.                                                                                                

ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”, ื‘ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”, ืžื™ืŸ ืคื™ื•ืก, ืžืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืœืžื” ืžืคื•ื›ื—ืช ื•ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ื•ื“ืข ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ื: ืคื™ืจื•ืจ ื–ืขื™ืจ, ื–ืžื ื™ ื•ื—ื•ืœืฃ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ืขื ืงื™, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืจื—ืžื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื‘ื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืจื™ื• ื”ืžืชื›ืœื™ื.                                                                                             

ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืืœ ื”ืžืกื›ื•ืช, ืืœ ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื, ืืœ ื”ืชื—ืœื™ืคื™ื, ืืคืฉืจ ืื•ืœื™ ืœืคืงื•ื— ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ืื‘ืกื•ืจื“ ื•ื‘ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืžืฆืžืฅ ืื• ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืœ ืžื‘ื˜ โ€“ ืืš ืขื ืจื’ืฉ ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืขืฆื‘, ืขืฆื‘ ืจื‘ ื•ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™.                                    

       ืขืœ ื”ื“ืื’ื” ื•ื”ื—ืจื“ื”

โ€œืœื ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื“ืื•ื’,โ€ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ื•, โ€œืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืคื—ื“ ืื• ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ,โ€ ืžื™ื™ืขืฆื™ื ืœื ื•. ื”ืžื•ืกื›ืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื“ืื’ื” ื•ื‘ื—ืจื“ื” ืขื™ืกื•ืง ืžื™ื•ืชืจ, ืงื™ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ื•ื ืื•ืจื•ืชื™ ืžืฉื”ื•, ืขื™ืกื•ืง ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื˜ืขื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื’ื ืฉื•ื ืกื™ื‘ื”.                                               

ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ื‘ืฉืืœื”: ืื™ืš ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื“ืื•ื’? ืื™ืš ืœื—ื“ื•ืœ ืžืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ? ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืœื”ืขืกื™ืง ืขืฆืžื ื• ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ: ืื™ืš ื›ืŸ ืœื“ืื•ื’?             

ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืื™ื ื• ืžืชื ื”ืœ ื›ืชืกืจื™ื˜ ืฆืคื•ื™ ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื—, ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ืžืคืชื™ืข ื‘ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื›ืœ: ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช, ื ื˜ื™ืฉื”, ืชืื•ื ื”, ืžื—ืœื”, ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื–ืงื ื”, ืชืกื›ื•ืœ ื•ืžื•ื•ืช. ื”ืคืจื ื•ื™ื”, ื”ื—ืจื“ื” ื•ื”ื“ืื’ื” ืื™ื ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื•ืจืขืจ ื‘ื ืคืฉื• ื•ื”ืœื•ืงื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืชื•, ืืœื ื”ื ืžืกื™ืžื ื™, ื”ื”ื™ื›ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืฉืคื•ื™, ื”ืžืคื•ื›ื—, ื”ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ ื‘ื• ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื.

ืžื” ืฉืžื“ื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ืฉืจืง ืžืชื•ืš ืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืจื“ื” ื•ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื•ืžื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืจโ€™ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืžื‘ืจืกืœื‘ ื‘ืœื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ ื”ืžื•ื”ืจโ€ืŸโ€œืžื™ ืฉื–ื•ื›ื” ืฉืชื”ื ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืฉืจื•ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื•? ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืœื™ื‘ื• ืฉื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื, ืจื•ื—ื• ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื•ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ืžื•ืขื˜ ื‘ืคื™ื•, ืขืžื• ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืžื”ืœื›ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืโ€ฆ ืžืœืžื“ ืฉื”ืงื‘โ€ื” ืžืจื—ื™ืง ืฉื›ื™ื ืชื• ืžืขืœ ื’ื‘ื”ื™ ืœื‘ื‘ ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืชื•ืขื‘ื”.โ€

ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื” ื ืงืจืืชืื ื’ืกื˜ angst  

ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืจื‘ื•ืช ืงื™ืจืงื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื• โ€œืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื—ืจื“ื”โ€ ืž-1844 ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ืข ืžื•ืฉื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื•ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”: โ€œืื ื’ืกื˜ ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจ ืงื™ืจืงื’ื•ืจ โ€œืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืง ืœืื—ื•ืจ ื•ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืจืง ืงื“ื™ืžื”โ€œ. ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืื ื’ืกื˜, ืœื˜ืขื ืชื•, ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืกื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื›ืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืฉื•ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืื™ ืคืขื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื. ืœืคื™ ืงื™ืจืงื’ื•ืจ, ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืจื™ืงื™ื ืžืžืฉืžืขื•ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื, ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ืžืชื™ื. ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ ืžืกืชื™ื™ื.

ืื ื• ื›ืžื• ื—ื™ื™ืœ ืงื•ืžื ื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื—ืฉื•ืš, ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื™ื–ื• ื“ืžื•ืช ืชื™ืงืคื•ืฅ ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื›ื”, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื—ืจื“ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”, ื‘ื—ืจื“ื” ืœืงืจืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืื›ืŸ ื™ื–ืžื ื• ืœื ื•.

ืจืื” ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื ืขืžื™ ืฉืžืจ, โ€œืžืขื•ื– ืฆื•ืจ ื™ืฉื•ืขืชื™โ€:

ืžืขื•ื– ืฆื•ืจ ื™ืฉื•ืขืชื™, ืœืš ื ืื” ืœืฉื‘ื—
ื”ืจื—ืง ื”ืจื—ืง ืœื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืชื™ ื”ืคืจื“ืกื™ื ื ืชื ื• ืจื™ื—
ืื‘ื•ื ื‘ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžืฆื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžืขืจื•ืช
ื•ื‘ื ืงืจื•ืช ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืขืคืจ
ืื™ ืฉื ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื“ืจื•ืš ื•ื—ืจื™ืฉื™
ืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ื ืคืฉื™โ€ฆ

*

โ€œื—ืจื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ื ืขืฉื” ืžื•ื“ืข ืœื›ืš, ืฉืงื™ื•ืžื• ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื”ืจืก, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื•, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช ืœื ื›ืœื•ืโ€

ืจื•ืœื• ืžื™ื™, ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื™ื”. ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืจืฉืคื™ื, ืขืžโ€™ 94.

ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื

ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื™ืกื›ื™ืžื• ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ, ืืš ืœืจื•ื‘ ื–ื• ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืคื” ื•ืœื—ื•ืฅ. ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืคืจื ืงืœ, ืฉื‘ื™ืกืก ืขืœ ื›ืš ื’ื™ืฉื” ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช, ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืœืื“ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš. ืืš ืืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืงื•ืฅ ื‘ื”, ื•ืฉื ื”ืงื•ืฅ: ื”ืžื•ื•ืช.                                                                             

ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืขืฆื ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืง ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื’ื•ื–ืœ ืžื”ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช. ืื›ืŸ, ืื™ื–ื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื•, ืฉืื™ืคื•ืชื™ื ื•, ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื•, ืื ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื ื—ื“ืœ ืžืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื? ื”โ€ืคืชืจื•ืŸโ€ ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืงืจื” ืœื ื•. ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื•ื–ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขื˜ื”, ื›ื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื โ€“ ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืชื ื• ืืœื™ื•. ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืชื“ื™ืจ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื”ื™ื—ืก ืœืงืฉื™ืฉ, ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ืขื•ื ืฉ ืžื•ื•ืช ืœืจื•ืฆื—ื™ื, ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืืชืžื•ืœ ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”, ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืื—ืจื™ื, ืืš ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืจืง ื›ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”. ืืš ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™: ื”ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืื™-ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืžื•ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื˜ืœืช ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื?                                                  

ืขืจื›ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžื•ืงื ื•ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืžืชื•ืงืฃ ื”ื’ื‘ืœื”, ืื™ื•ื ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืื• ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœื•. ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื–ืงื•ืงื” ืœืชื ืื™ื ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื™ื, ืœืงื•ืฉื™, ื•ืจืง ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ (ื•ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขืžื•) ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืžืงื•ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื—ื™ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื•ื”ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืื™ื ื” ื ืชื•ื ื” ืžืขืฆื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืœื“ื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืคื™ืคื” ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ, ืืœื ืžืขืฆื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืจื•ื‘ ืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ ื›ืš. (ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžืฉื•ื ื”ืื™ื•ื ื”ื ืกืชืจ ืฉืžื˜ื™ืœ ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื”ืชืขืฆืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช.) ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื ืงื ื™ืช ืžื—ืžืช ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื–ื• ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืื—ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ืื• ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืœื” ื•ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืชืจืžื• ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ โ€œืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™โ€, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ืืœืคื™ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื‘ื’ื•ืœื”.                                                                                               

ื’ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ืฉื•ืื‘ืช ืืช ืชื•ืงืคื” ืžืขืฆื ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืกื›ื ื”. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืื™ื•ื ื”ืžืจื—ืฃ ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืขื ืงืช ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ืฆื‘ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื™ืชืจื”, ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืŸ ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“.       

ื•ืขื•ื“: ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืื ื• ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื, ื•ืจื’ืœื™ื ื•, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžืชืคืงื“ื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื ื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืžืงื“ื™ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”. ืืš ืื ืชืขืžื•ื“ื ื” ืจื’ืœื™ื ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืจื™ืชื”, ื—ืœื™ืœื”โ€ฆ ืื– ืชืชืขื•ืจืจ ืžืœื•ื ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืชืงื•ื ืœืชื—ื™ื™ื”.  

ื›ืืŸ ืื ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืขื™ืงืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ, ืœืžื•ื•ืช: ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืฉืงืคืช ืกื›ื ื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืื•ืชื ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื ืฉื•ื, ืœืœื›ืช, ืœื”ืจื™ื—, ืœื’ืขืช ื•ื›ื•ืœื™. ื•ื”ืŸ (ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช) ืื›ืŸ ืคื•ืจื—ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ื•ืช ืจืง ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืฉืœ ืืชื’ืจ ืื• ืื™ื•ื. ื•ืžื”ื• ืื™ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืืชื’ืจ ืขืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช?                                                                                                                           

ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ืœื ืฆื— ื ืขื“ืจื™ื ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืžืฉืžืขื•ืช. ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจืคืœื•ืช, ื›ื™ ืžื’ื‘ืœืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื ืขื“ืจืช, ื•ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืžื—ืจ, ืฉื‘ื• ื ืžืžืฉ ื›ื ืจืื” ืืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื ื•, ืื•ืœื™.                                                                                                  

ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื”, ื”ืื™ื•ื ืื• ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืชื–ื” ืฉืžืื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœื™ื•. ื›ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ: ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืงื•ื˜ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืŸ ืชื™ื—ืœืฉ ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ื–ืจื™ืžื”, ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื ืฆืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืŸ ื™ื–ืจืžื• ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.         

ื–ื” ื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื—ื•ืง ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื: ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ืŸ ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ืื™ืฉื” ื›ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื’ื‘ืจ. ื”ื™ืœื“ ื ืจืื” ืฆืขื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื›ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื–ืงื ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื–ืงืŸ ื–ืงืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ื’ื‘ืจื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื• (ื‘ื”ืชืืžื”) ื”ืœื‘ืŸ, ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ ืœื‘ืŸ, ื ืฉื™ืช ื•ืฆืขื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื›ืš, ืœื ืจืง ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืืœื ื’ื ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ืžื•ืงื ื™ืช ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื ื’ื“ื™.       

ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ืื“ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ืœ ื™ืฉ ื”ื•ื ื”ืื™ืŸืื•ืžื ื, ื–ืงื ื” ืžื‘ืœื™ื˜ื” ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื ื•ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื, ืืš ืจืง ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื (ื”ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื) ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ืงื ื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืขื ื™ืง ืœื”ื ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื ื”ืื‘ืกื•ืœื•ื˜ื™ืช. ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืฉืœืžื” ื•ื”ืžืœืื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœ ืชืชื’ืฉื ืœื’ื‘ื™ื ื• ืจืง ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืฉืœ ืจืขื‘: ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืื•ื›ืœ. ืฉืžื—ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื—ื” ืืžืชื™ืช ืจืง ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื” โ€“ ืœืื—ืจ ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ.                                                                                                                  

ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื—ื™: ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ื ื•ืขื•ื“, ื•ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ื ื•ืขื•ื“โ€ฆ ืกื‘ื•ืจื ื™ ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช, ื›ืŸ ื ืื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ื ื™ื–ื›ื• ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš ืœืชื•ืกืคืช ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื›ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•, ื›ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ืขืœื•ืœ ื”ืจื’ืข ื”ื‘ื ืœื”ื™ืœืงื— ืžืืชื ื•.             

ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ ื–ื”, ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืคื•ื›ื•; ื•ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื˜ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื• ื˜ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื•.                                                                                                       

ื”ื™ืคื•ืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื•ื•ืช. ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื โ€“ ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื•ื•ืช. ืžื›ืืŸ, ืฉื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื•ื”ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืชื•ืคืง ืจืง ืžืชื•ืš ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื•ื”ืชืขืžืงื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜: ื‘ืžื•ื•ืช.        

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โ€œื‘ืื™ืŸ ืจืื™ื” ืฆืœื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืกื“ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืคื›ื—ื•ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืคื™.โ€

ืงืจืœื•ืก ืงืกื˜ื ื“ื”, ื›ื•ื— ื”ืฉืงื˜.

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โ€œื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื•ืช, ืฉืœ ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ืชื—ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ืชื•, ื ืคื’ืฉ ื”ืื“ื ืขื ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ืฆื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื ืคืฉื•.โ€                                                                                                        

ืžื™ื›ื” ืื ืงื•ืจื™, ื”ืœื‘ ื•ื”ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ.

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โ€œื›ื“ื™ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืชืคื•ืฉ ืžื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืชืคื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช, ืฉืคื•ืกืขื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ื•ืจื’ืข ืขืœ ื”ืงืฆื” ื”ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื™, ื•ื›ื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื”ื™ืžืœื˜ ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื™ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืจื’ืข ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.โ€

ืจื•ืœื• ืžื™ื™, ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื™ื”. ืขโ€™ 91.

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โ€œื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืขื ื™ืง ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื’ืข ื”ืขืžื•ืง ื•ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™, ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ื• ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืืžืช ืœืขื•ืฆืžื”.โ€

ืงืจืœื•ืก ืงืกื˜ื ื“ื”, ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ืช, ืขโ€™ 137.

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ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืขื”

ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฉืคืข ื•ืžืชื›ืชื‘ ืขื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช, ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื: 

ืื ื˜ื•ืืŸ ื“ื” ืกื ื˜ ืื›ืกื•ืคืจื™. ื”ื ืกื™ืš ื”ืงื˜ืŸ

ืคื ื—ืก ืฉื“ื”. ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืžืฉืœ

ื”ืจืžืŸ ื”ืกื”. ื ืจืงื™ืก ื•ื’ื•ืœื“ืžื•ื ื“, ืกื™ื“ื”ืจืชื ื•ืขื•ื“

ืงืืจืœื•ืก ืงืืกื˜ื ื“ื”. ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•.

ืฉืœืžื” ื’ื™ื•ืจื ืฉื”ื. ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ืกื•ืจื“ ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ื•.

ืืกืชืจ ืงืœ. ืจืกื™ืกื™ื, ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.

ืื•ืกืคื ืกืงื™. ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื”ืžื•ืคืœื.

ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืžื™ื—ื™. ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืจืขืฉ ื•ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.

ื ืชืŸ ื–ืš. ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืฉ.

ื“ืœื™ื” ืจื‘ื™ืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ. ืื”ื‘ืช ืชืคื•ื— ื”ื–ื”ื‘.

ืจ. ื“. ืœื™ืื ื’. ื”ืื ื™ ื”ื—ืฆื•ื™ ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ื•.

ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื‘ืจ. ืื•ืจ ื’ื ื•ื– ืฉืืจ ื›ืชื‘ื™ื•.

ืคืจื ื ื“ื• ืคืกื•ื. ืกืคืจ ื”ืื™ ื ื—ืช.

ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื›ื˜ืจ. ื›ืชื‘ื™ื•. 

ืืจื™ืš ื ื•ื™ืžืŸ. ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื ืฉื™.

ื•ื™ืœื”ืœื ืจื™ื™ืš. ื›ืชื‘ื™ื•.

ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืคืจื ืงืœ. ื”ืื“ื ืžื—ืคืฉ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช.

ื—ืœื™ืœ ื’โ€™ื•ื‘ืจืืŸ. ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.

ืžื™ืฉืœ ืคื•ืงื•. ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช.

ืกืจืŸ ืงื™ืจืงื’ื•ืจ. ื—ื™ืœ ื•ืจืขื“ื”.

ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื“ื™ื’ืจ. ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ืื™ืŸ.

ื”ืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืก. ืคืจื’ืžื ื˜ื™ื.

ืงืจื™ืฉื ืžื•ืจื˜ื™ ื’โ€™ื™ื“ื•. ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข.

ืžื™ื™ืกื˜ืจ ืืจืงื”ืจื˜. ื”ื“ืจืฉื•ืช.

ืžืจืงื•ืก ืืื•ืจืœื™ื•ืก. ื”ืจื”ื•ืจื™ื.

ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืš ื ื™ืฆืฉื”. ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ื•.

ื’โ€™ื™ื™ ื•ืงืชืœื™ืŸ ื”ื ื“ืจืงื™ืก. ื‘ืžืจื•ืฆืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.

ืืจื™ืง ื‘ืจืŸ. ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื.

ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ืกื˜ืจื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื’. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื ื•ืจื”, ื”ืขืœืžื” ื™ื•ืœื™ื” ื•ืขื•ื“.

ืื ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฆโ€™ื›ื•ื‘ . ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืื—ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืฉื—ืฃ, ื“ื•ื“ ื•ืื ื™ื”.

ืืจื™ืš ืคืจื•ื. ืžื ื•ืก ืžื—ื•ืคืฉ ื•ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืื”ื‘ื”.

ืจืืฉื“ ืคื™ืœื“. ื”ืžื—ืกื•ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ.

ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ืจื™ื’ืœ. ื–ืŸ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉืช.

ืจื•ืœื• ืžื™ื™. ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื™ื”.

ื’โ€™ืง ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ. ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ.

ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื’โ€™ื™ืžืก. ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื”.

ืคื™ืŸ. ืžื™ืกื˜ืจ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืื ื”.

ื”ืจืงืœื™ื˜ืก ื”ืืคืœ ื•ื”ืคืจื’ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•.

ืืžื™ืœ ื“ื•ืจืงื”ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืชื‘ื™ื•.

ืืœื‘ืจ ืงืืžื™ ื•ื›ืชื‘ื™ื•.

ื’ื•ืจื“ื™ื™ืฃ ื•ื›ืชื‘ื™ื•.

ืกืจืŸ ืงื™ืจืงื’ื•ืจ ื•ื›ืชื‘ื™ื•.

ืœืื• ื˜ืกื”. ื˜ืื• ื˜ื” ื˜ืฆโ€™ื™ื ื’.

ื”ืจืžืŸ ื”ืกื” ื•ื›ืชื‘ื™ื•.

ืคื ื—ืก ืฉื“ื”. ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืžืฉืœ.

ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”

ื”ืกืคืจ ืื™ื ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื—ืงืจื™ืช, ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื™ืช, ืืš ืืฃ-ืขืœ-ืคื™-ื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืžื•ืฆื ืœื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืฆืจืฃ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืขื•, ืขื™ืฆื‘ื• ื•ื”ืฉืจื• ืžืจื•ื—ื ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ื ื›ื‘ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ื›ืืŸ.                                                                                               

ืื•ืกืคื ืกืงื™, ืคโ€™ ื“โ€™ (1993). ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช. ื–ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืชืŸ.                                                    

ืื•ืกืคื ืกืงื™, ืคโ€™ ื“โ€™ (ืชืฉื›โ€ื’).ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื. ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื.                                                                                                             

ืื•ืกืคื ืกืงื™, ืคโ€™ ื“โ€™ (1977).ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื”ืžื•ืคืœื. ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืฉื•ืงืŸ.                                     

ืื™ืœื™ืฅ, ืโ€™ (ืชืฉืœโ€ื—). ื ืงืžืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื”. ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืข ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘.                                        

ืื ืงื•ืจื™, ืžโ€™ (1991). ื”ืœื‘ ื•ื”ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ. ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืจืžื•ืช.            

ื‘ื˜ืœื”ื™ื™ื, ื‘โ€™ (1987). ืงืกืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืื’ื“ื•ืช. ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืจืฉืคื™ื, ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘.                                

ื‘ืŸ-ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ื“โ€™ (1985). ื”ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืื”ื‘ื”? ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื‘ืŸ-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”.                                        

ื‘ืจื’ืžืŸ, ืฉโ€™ (ืชืฉโ€ืœ). ื”ื•ื’ื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ, ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื“ื’ืจ. ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืื’ื ืก.             

ื‘ืจื•ืงืก, ืกโ€™ ื”โ€™ (1977). ืื•ื˜ื•ืกื•ื’ืกื˜ื™ื”, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืืœโ€ืฃ, ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘.                                             

ื’โ€™ื™ื™ืžืก, ื•โ€™ (1984). ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื”. ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง.                                                 

ื”ืจื™ื’ืœ, ืโ€™ (1990). ื–ืŸ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉืช. ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื‘ื™ืจ.                                                           

ื™ื•ื ื’, ืงโ€™ (1974). ื”ืื ื™ ื•ื”ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข. ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื‘ื™ืจ.                                                            

ืœื™ื™ื‘, ืโ€™ ื™โ€™ (1992) ื“ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืืŸ. ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื’ืœ.                                                                               

ืžื™ื™, ืจโ€™ (1985). ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” (ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืืงืกื™ืกื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช). ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืจืฉืคื™ื, ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘.                                                                                                                    

ืกื™ื’ื“, ืจโ€™ (1975). ืื–ื™ืกื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื–ื. ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื.                                          

ืกื™ื’ืœ, ืกโ€™ ื‘โ€™ (1990). ืื”ื‘ื” ืจืคื•ืื” ื•ื ืกื™ื. ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื›ืชืจ, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื.                                 

ืคืจื•ื, ืโ€™. ืžื ื•ืก ืžื—ื•ืคืฉ. ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ื“ืจ, ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘.                                                             

ืคืจื•ื, ืโ€™ (ืชืฉื›โ€ื•). ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืื”ื‘ื”. ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ื“ืจ, ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘.                                          

ืคืจื ืงืœ, ื•โ€™ (1981) ื”ืื“ื ืžื—ืคืฉ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช. ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘.                                    

ืงืืžื™, ืโ€™ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืก ืฉืœ ืกื™ื–ื™ืคื•ืก. ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘.                                                 

ืงื•ืง, ื™, (ืชืฉืœโ€ื–). ืจโ€™ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืžื‘ืจืกืœื‘ โ€“ ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื•. ืžื•ืกื“ ื™.ืœ. ื’ื™ืจืฉื˜.                      

ืงื™ืจืงื’ื•ืจ, ืกโ€™ (ืชืฉโ€ื“). ืžื‘ื—ืจ ื›ืชื‘ื™ื. ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื›ื˜ืจ ื•ืื™ืœืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื‘ื™ืจ.                                                                                                                              

ืงืกื˜ื ื“ื”, ืงโ€™ (ืชืฉืœโ€ื—). ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ืช. ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื–ื‘โ€ืž, ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘.                               

ืงืกื˜ื ื“ื”, ืงโ€™ ืชืฉืœโ€ื—). ืžืฉื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืืŸ. ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื–ื‘โ€ืž, ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘.                               

ืงืกื˜ื ื“ื”, ืงโ€™ (1992). ื›ื— ื”ืฉืงื˜. ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื–ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืชืŸ.                                                         

ืงืคืงื, ืคโ€™. ืžืฉืœ ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฉืคื˜. ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืฉื•ืงืŸ.                                                              

ืงืฆื™ืจ, ืโ€™ (ืชืฉืœโ€ื–). ื”ืจื”ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื–ืžืŸ (ืคืจืกื•ื ืคื ื™ืžื™).                                          

ืฉื•ื”ื, ื’โ€™ ืฉโ€™ (1987) ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช. ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืžืฉื•ื“ืจืช, ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ.              

ืฉื•ื”ื, ื’โ€™ ืฉโ€™ (1984) ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื. ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืฆโ€™ืจื™ืงื•ื‘ืจ.                                                       

ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ, ื’โ€™ (1988) ืžืฉื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื“ื’ืจ. ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืฉื•ืงืŸ.                                              

ืฉื›ื˜ืจ, ื™โ€™ (ืชืฉืœโ€ื–). ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš. ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืืœืฃ, ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘.                                                    

ืฉื›ื˜ืจ, ื™โ€™ (1992). ืจื•ื— ื•ื ืคืฉ. ื’ืฉืจื™ื ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืฉื•ืงืŸ.                           

Armin, R. (1974). Frown Strong. Cobwebs Press. Ltd.

Armin, R. (1982). Cobwebs and Tears. Regal Print.

Derope, R. (1968). The Master Game, Pathways to Higher Consciousness. N.Y., Dell Publishing Co.

Eliade, M. (1961). The Nature of Religion. N.Y., Harper & Row.

Hampden-Turner, C. (1981). Maps of the mind. Collier Books.

ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืจืขื โ€“ ืกืคืจื™ื.

ื”ืขืจื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืื•ืจื•ื•ืช

ื”ืขืจื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืื•ืจื•ื•ืช

ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืจืขื

ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื ื™ืกืŸืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2020ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช180 ืขืžโ€™ ืžื•ื“ืคืกื™ื

ื”ืกืคืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื™ื”, ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ โ€“ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืžืคืจื™ืข ืœืื“ื ืœืžืžืฉ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ืงื™ื•ืžื™ โ€“ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขืฆืžื•. ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืื“ื ืœืžืžืฉ ืขืฆืžื• โ€“ ื ืงืจืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื“ืžื•ื ื™ื.

ื”ืกืคืจ ืžืชื—ืœืง ืœ-4 ื—ืœืงื™ื; ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžื•ืกื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช (ื“ืžื•ื ื™ื) ืฉืžืคืจื™ืขื•ืช ืœืื“ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืืœ ื™ืฉื•ืชื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ืœืžืžืฉ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•. ื—ืœืง ื‘โ€™ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื’ืฉ, ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆืจ ื•ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื‘ื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”.

ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื ืžื›ื‘ื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืขื™ื•ื ื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉืคื” ืฉื™ื—ืชื™ืช ื•ืฉื•ื˜ืคืช, ืืš ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืชื’ืจ ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืขืช ื•ืฉื‘ืœื•ื ื™ืช, ื”ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ืชื•ื“ืขืชื™ืช ื•ืžื™ืฆื•ื™ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืื™ืฉื™, ื•ื”ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืขื ืขืฆืžื•. ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžื‘ื™ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื•ื ื”, ื—ืชืจื ื™ืช ืžืฉื”ื•, ืœื’ืฉืช ืขืžื” ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื‘ื•ืขืจื™ื ื•ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืœื‘ ืืœื• ื”ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช.

ื”ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื” ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช, ื›ืฉื ืฉื”ื™ื ื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ื•ืื™ืฉื™ืช.

ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื™ืจื™ืขื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืขื™ืžื ื”ื•ื ืžืชืคืœืžืก, ื•ืืกืžื›ืชืื•ืช ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืื‘. ื”ืกืคืจ ืžืœื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืฆื™ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ื•ืื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื, ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื›ืœ ื–ืจื ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืืคืฉืจื™.

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ

ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืจืขื.

ื‘ืขื‘ืจื• ืžืจืฆื” ื•ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืืœ ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช, ืœืžื“ ืžืฉื—ืง, ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช.

ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืจืขื ืขื•ืกืง ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืงืจ, ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”.

ืคื™ืจืกื ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช, ื•ื”ืขืจืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืฉืคืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.

ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืขืœ ืืื•ื˜ืกื™ื™ื“ืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื”ื•ื ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• โ€“ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื–ืจื™ื ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื“ืข ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื“ื ื˜ืจื™.

ืœืžื—ื‘ืจ, ืืชืจ ืฉื‘ื• ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื•:

http://hagut.net/

ืœืงืจื•ื ืขื•ื“โ€ฆ

ืœื”ืขื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”

ืœื”ืขื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”

ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืจืขื

ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื ื™ืกืŸืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2020ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช240 ืขืžโ€™ ืžื•ื“ืคืกื™ื

ืžื”ื™ ืขื™ืจื•ืช, ืžื”ื™ ืฉื™ื ื”. ืžื™ ื™ืฉืŸ? ืžื™ ืขืจ? ืžื” ื–ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืจ?

ื”ืื ื›ืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจื•ืช, ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœ ื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ืขื ื–ืืช ื™ืฉืŸ?

ื”ืื ืขื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื—ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื™ืช ื•ื—ื“ ืžืžื“ื™ืช, ืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืจืžื•ืช ื•ืจื‘ื“ื™ื, ื•ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืจ ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืช โ€“ ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ื™ืชื• ื•ืชื•ื“ืขืชื•?

ื”ืื ื”ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื™ื ื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ื•ืœื—ืœื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืจ? ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ื”ืื ืื ื• ื—ื•ืœืžื™ื ืืช ืขืจื ื•ืชื ื•, ืื• ืขืจื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ืžื•ืชื™ื ื•? ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฆื™ื™ื“ ืžื”ื’ื•โ€™ื ื’ืœ ื”ืคื•ื’ืฉ ื‘ืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ื ืง, ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืขืจื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืฉืœื• ื›ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื”. ื•ืœื•ื—ื ื”ืงื•ืžื ื“ื• ื•ืื™ืฉ ื”ืกื™ื™ืจืช โ€“ ืืช ื”ืขืจื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืืคืกื ืื•ืช โ€“ ื›ืชืจื“ืžืช. ืื•ืœื™ ื›ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืงื™ื•ืžื™ ืœื• ืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื: ืขืจื•ืช?

ื›ืฉืื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืื ื• ื ืจื“ืžื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื™ืกื™. ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžืชืขื•ืจืจื™ื ืžืฉื ืช ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื—ืœืง ื‘ื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ?

ื–ื”ื• ืกืคืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื” ื•ืขื™ืจื•ืช, ื›ืฉื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ื™ื ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช. ื‘ืกืคืจ ืขืฆืžื• ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื; ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื”ืื“ื ื”ืขืจ, ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”. ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื”. ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช, ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืฆื‘ ืชื•ื“ืขื”. ื’ื™ืฉืช ืจโ€™ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืœืฉื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช. ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืจื“ืžืช ื•ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ืช. ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ืช ืงื•ื ื“ืœื™ื ื™ ื•ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”. ื•ืขื•ื“.

โ€œื•ื™ื™ืงื— ื“ื•ื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื—ื ื™ืช ื•ืืช ื”ืฆืคื—ืช ื”ืžื™ื ืžืจืืฉื•ืชื™ ืฉืื•ืœ, ื•ื™ืœื›ื• ืœื”ื; ื•ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื™ืฅ, ื›ื™ ื›ื•ืœื ื™ืฉื ื™ื โ€“ ื›ื™ ืชืจื“ืžืช ื™ื”ื•ื” ื ืคืœื” ืขืœื™ื”ืโ€.

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืโ€™ ื›โ€ื•, ื™โ€ื‘.

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืจืขื.

ื‘ืขื‘ืจื• ืžืจืฆื” ื•ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืืœ ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช, ืœืžื“ ืžืฉื—ืง, ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช.

ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืจืขื ืขื•ืกืง ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืงืจ, ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”.

ืคื™ืจืกื ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช, ื•ื”ืขืจืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืฉืคืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.

ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืขืœ ืืื•ื˜ืกื™ื™ื“ืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื”ื•ื ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• โ€“ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื–ืจื™ื ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื“ืข ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื“ื ื˜ืจื™.

ืœืžื—ื‘ืจ, ืืชืจ ืฉื‘ื• ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื•:

โ€œืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื—ื”โ€, ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ื, 2003,

โ€œืืื•ื˜ืกื™ื™ื“ืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ืจื“ื™ืโ€, ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ื, 2006

โ€œื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ืชโ€ ื ื™ืกืŸ.

โ€œื‘ืงืฆืจื” ื•ืœืขื•ืžืงโ€ โ€“ ื ื™ืกืŸ.

โ€œืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืชื•ื“ืขื”โ€. ื ื™ืกืŸ.

ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื• ื›ื™ื•ืขืฅ, ืžืจืฆื” ื•ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืืœ ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช.

ื‘ืขื‘ืจื• ืžื•ืจื” ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ืœืžื“ ืžืฉื—ืง, ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช.

ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืจืขื ืขื•ืกืง ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืงืจ, ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”.

ืœืžื—ื‘ืจ, ืืชืจ ืฉื‘ื• ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื•:

http://hagut.net/

ืœืงืจื•ื ืขื•ื“โ€ฆ

"ื•ืื ืชืขื•ืจืจื• ืืช ื”ืื”ื‘ื”"

โ€œื•ืื ืชืขื•ืจืจื• ืืช ื”ืื”ื‘ื”โ€

ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืจืขื

ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื ื™ืกืŸืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2020ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืชื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื–ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช180 ืขืžโ€™ ืžื•ื“ืคืกื™ื

ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืื• ืœืื—ืจ ืงืจื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื–ื•ื’ื™ืช, ืื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉื ื’ืžืจื” ืœื–ืืช ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื—ืœื”. ืืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื™ื ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื, ืœื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืœื ืžื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื”.

ื›ืš ืื• ื›ืš, ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช- ื–ื•ื’ื™ืช, ืชื•ืคืกืช ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœื ื•. ื–ื”ื• ืชื—ื•ื ืกื‘ื•ืš ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืจืžืช ืกื™ืคื•ืง ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ืœืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื. ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืชื—ื•ื ืฉื ื—ืงืจ ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœื•. ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืื‘ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืžืกืคืจื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืš ืคืจื•ื โ€œืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืื”ื‘ื”โ€, ืฉืœ ื’โ€™ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ ื ื™ื“ืœืžืŸ โ€œืกืคืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืขืœ ืื”ื‘ื” โ€“ ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœืื”ื‘ืช ื ืฆื—โ€, ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉืœ ืคื•ืงื• โ€œืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉโ€ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืžืฆื™ื’ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช.

ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืจืขื,

ื‘ืขื‘ืจื• ืžืจืฆื” ื•ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืืœ ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช, ืœืžื“ ืžืฉื—ืง, ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช.

ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืจืขื ืขื•ืกืง ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืงืจ, ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”.

ืคื™ืจืกื ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช, ื•ื”ืขืจืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืฉืคืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.

ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืขืœ ืืื•ื˜ืกื™ื™ื“ืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื”ื•ื ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• โ€“ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื–ืจื™ื ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื“ืข ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื“ื ื˜ืจื™.

ืœืžื—ื‘ืจ, ืืชืจ ืฉื‘ื• ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื•:

ืœืงืจื•ื ืขื•ื“โ€ฆ

ืžืกืข ืืœ ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช

ืžืกืข ืืœ ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช

ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืจืขื

ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื ื™ืกืŸืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2020ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช320 ืขืžโ€™ ืžื•ื“ืคืกื™ื

ืžื–ื” ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ื–ื• ืขืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช. ืกืคืจ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื• ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืืช ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืื“ื. ื‘ื ืคืฉ, ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช.

ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื‘ืกืคืจ ื–ื” ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืช, ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืชื“ืœ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืขืžื”.

ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื• ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื–ื”ื• ืกืคืจ ืžืกืขื•ืช, ืืš ืœื ื–ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื›ื–ื” ื”ื•ื โ€“ ืืœื ืฉืžืกืข ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืกืข ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืกืข ืฉืœ ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”. ืฉื”ืจื™ ื™ืฉื ื ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืกืขื•ืช: ื”ืžืกืข ื”ืจื—ืง ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกืข ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื—ื”, ืžืกืข ืฉืœ ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื”, ื•ืžืกืข ืฉืœ ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”. ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืืžืชื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ืžืกืข ืคื ื™ืžื”, ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืกืข ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™. ื”ืžื›ื ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ืฉื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืกืข ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืžืกืข ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”.

ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ: โ€œโ€˜ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืžื”ื’ืœื•ืชโ€, ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืžืขื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืœื”, ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื ื“ื•ื“ื™ื. ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืคื•ืš, ืžืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืืœ ื—ื–ืจื” ืืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืืžืชื™ ืžืžื ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื’ื•ืœื”, ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช.

ืžืกื•ืช ื•ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช : www.hagut.net

ืกืคืจ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื• ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช ื•ืžืฉื•ืคืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.

ืœืงืจื•ื ืขื•ื“โ€ฆ

ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืคืฉ ืœืชื•ื“ืขื”

ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืคืฉ ืœืชื•ื“ืขื”

ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืจืขื

ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื ื™ืกืŸ2020ื”ื’ื•ืช ื•ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”256 ืขืžโ€™ ืžื•ื“ืคืกื™ื

ื™ืฉ ื‘ื ื• ืฉื ื™ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื›ื•ื‘ื“, ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืžื•ืžืฉื™ื: ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื ืคืฉ, ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”.

ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืืžื ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ื ืคืฉ, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื, ืืš ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืืžื•ืจืคื™ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ื—ืกืจืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘.

ืืš ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื, ืฉื›ื™ื™ืช ื—ืžื“ื” ื ื“ื™ืจื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื™. ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืคื ื™ื.

ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืงืฆื” ื”ืฉื ื™. ืจื“ื•ืžื”, ืฆืจื”, ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื”, ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืฉืขืจื™ื ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืกืชืจืช.

ืขื“ ืฉืœื ื ืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ืžืฉื‘ื™ื” ื•ืืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืžืžืฆื‘ื” ื”ืจืคื•ืก ื•ื”ื“ืœ โ€“ ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ื ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื›ื•ื‘ื“ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื: ื“ืขืช ืงื”ืœ ื•ืงื•ื ืคื•ืจืžื™ื•ืช, ื•ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื›ื•ื‘ื“ ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื: ืืฉืžื”, ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ื•ืกืคืง ืขืฆืžื™.

ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ื™ื ื”ื ืกื™ื›ื” ื”ื›ืœื•ืื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืจื” ื”ื‘ืฆื•ืจื”, ืžืžืชื™ื ื” ืœื ืกื™ืš ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉื™ืฉืง ืœื”.

ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื’ื•ืœื”, ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜, ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื–ื, ืœื•ื’ื™ืงื” ื•ืฆื•ืจืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืขืช. ืืš ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืžืชื™ื ื” ืœื ืคืฉ ืฉืชืคื™ื— ื‘ื” ื—ื™ื™ื.

ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื ื• ืืงืœืงื˜ื™, ื•ื ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื, ืืš ื”ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจ โ€“ ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช.

ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืจืขื.

ื‘ืขื‘ืจื• ืžืจืฆื” ื•ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืืœ ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช, ืœืžื“ ืžืฉื—ืง, ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช.

ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืจืขื ืขื•ืกืง ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืงืจ, ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”.

ืคื™ืจืกื ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช, ื•ื”ืขืจืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืฉืคืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.

ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืขืœ ืืื•ื˜ืกื™ื™ื“ืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื. ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื”ื•ื ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• โ€“ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื–ืจื™ื ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื—ื–ื•ืŸ, ื™ื“ืข ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื“ื ื˜ืจื™.

ืœืžื—ื‘ืจ, ืืชืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช:

http://cw.hagut.net/

ืœืงืจื•ื ืขื•ื“โ€ฆ

ื‘ืงืฆืจื” ื•ืœืขื•ืžืง

ื‘ืงืฆืจื” ื•ืœืขื•ืžืง

ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืจืขื

ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื ื™ืกืŸืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2015ืขื™ื•ืŸ160 ืขืžโ€™ ืžื•ื“ืคืกื™ื

ื”ืกืคืจ โ€œื‘ืงืฆืจื” ื•ืœืขื•ืžืง: ื”ื’ื™ื’ื™ื, ืคืจื’ืžื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืึดืžืจื•ืช ื›ื ืฃโ€ ืžืืช ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืจืขื, ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื ื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ืงืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื•ื“ืขื”, ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ื•ืช. ื›ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืข ืœื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืœื™ ืชื•ื“ืขืชื ื•, ื•ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื, ืืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ื ื“ื—ืงื• ืœืฉื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื, ื”ื”ืžื•ืœื” ื•ื”ืœื—ืฅ.
ืืคืฉืจ ื’ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืกื‘ ืœื ื• ืžื•ืจืช ืจื•ื— ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื ื“ื—ืง ื”ืฆื™ื“ื” ืืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื, ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืืžืฅ ืžื•ื“ืข ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ืชื•ื“ืขืชื ื• ื•ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืื•ืชื•.
ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืขืฆืžื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ื•ืœื ื•: ืื•ืฉืจ, ื ื•ืกื˜ืœื’ื™ื”, ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช, ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ื•ืื—ืจื™ื. ืขืœ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื‘ืชื โ€ืš: โ€œื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื“ื™ ืขืฉื• ื•ื”ืงื•ืœ ืงื•ืœ ื™ืขืงื‘โ€ โ€“ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื ื›ืœื™ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื›ื ื™ื ื”ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื•.
ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ื–โ€™ืื ืจื™ื ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžื™ื ื›ืืžืจื•ืช, ืคืจื’ืžื ื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื’ื™ื, ื‘ืื” ืžืฉื ื™ ื˜ืขืžื™ื: ื”ืื—ื“ โ€“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืœื™ืคื•ืœ ืœื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ โ€ ืชืคืกืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื” โ€“ ืœื ืชืคืกืชโ€, ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืœื›ืช ืขื โ€œืกื•ื“ ื”ืฆืžืฆื•ืโ€ ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ โ€“ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืชืžืฆื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืชืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ืงื•ืจื ืืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ืขื ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืจื•ืžื” ืฉืœ โ€œื‘ืฉืจโ€ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ื•ื.
ื”ืกืคืจ ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉ ืจื•ื— ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืžืกืข ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื•, ื•ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืจืื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืžื” ืฉื—ื‘ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืžื“ ื”ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืคืจื“โ€ืก ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ
ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืจืขื, ืื™ืฉ ืืฉื›ื•ืœื•ืช, ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื•ืžืจืฆื” ืœืฉืคืช ื’ื•ืฃ, ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช. ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืกืคืจื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, โ€œืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื—ื”โ€, ืืื•ื˜ืกื™ื™ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ืจื“ื™ืโ€, โ€œืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืชื•ื“ืขื”โ€, ื•โ€ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ืชโ€. ืœืžื—ื‘ืจ ืžืกื•ืช ื•ืžืืžืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ: www.hagut.net.

ืœืงืจื•ื ืขื•ื“โ€ฆ

ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืžื”ื’ืœื•ืช

ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืžื”ื’ืœื•ืช

ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืจืขื

ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื ื™ืกืŸืืคืจื™ืœ 2014ืขื™ื•ืŸ322 ืขืžโ€™ ืžื•ื“ืคืกื™ื

โ€œื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ืชโ€ ื”ื ื• ืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ื’ืขื’ื•ืข, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืžื ื’ื“.
ื’ืขื’ื•ืข ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื•, ื•ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืžื ื’ื“ ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช. ื’ืขื’ื•ืข ืœืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืฉื ืชื‘ื’ืจ, ื•ืžืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืงื•ื ืคื•ืจืžื™ื•ืช; ื‘ืžื•ืกื›ืžื•ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืกืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืฉื™ืืŸ ื–ื” โ€œืœื”ืกืชื“ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ืโ€. ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช ืคืจื•ืคโ€™ ืฉืœืžื” ื’ื™ื•ืจื ืฉื•ื”ื: โ€œื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืืชื ื• ืฉื ื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื• ื•ื ื”ืคื•ืš ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื—ืกืจ ื™ื“ืข ื•ื—ืกืจ ื“ืขื”, ืฉืื– ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื˜ืจืฃ ืงืœ ืœื›ื ืกื™ื™ื”. ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ืฆื•ืช ื’ื ืฉื ื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืฉื ื”ืคื•ืš ืœืจื›ื™ื›ื•ืชโ€.
(ืžืชื•ืš โ€œืคืชื— ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืกืคืจโ€)

ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ
ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืจืขื ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืจืฆื” ื•ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืืœ-ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช. ื›ืื“ื ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื ื• ื”ื•ื’ื” ื•ื”ื•ืžื ื™ืกื˜. ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืกืคืจื™ ื”ื’ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช: โ€œืืื•ื˜ืกื™ื™ื“ืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ืจื“ื™ืโ€ โ€œืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื—ื”โ€, โ€œืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืชื•ื“ืขื”โ€ ื•ืขื•ื“.
ื–ื”ื• ืกืคืจื• ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™. ืกืคืจื™ื• ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืขืกืงื• ื‘ืฉืคืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื•ื›ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื”ื’ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช. ืžืืžืจื™ื ื•ืžืกื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ืืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ : www.hagut.net

ืœืงืจื•ื ืขื•ื“โ€ฆ

ืื™ืš ืืชื” ื ื•ื”ื’

ืื™ืš ืืชื” ื ื•ื”ื’

ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืจืขื

ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื ื™ืกืŸ2011ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ื ื•ืขืฆื•ืช156 ืขืžโ€™ ืžื•ื“ืคืกื™ื

ื‘ืกืคืจ ื–ื” ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืจืขื ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืชื•: ืฉืคืช ื’ื•ืฃ. ืืš ื”ืคืขื, ืฉืคืช ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื ื”ื’ื™ื. ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ: ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื”ื›ืจื•ืช, ื”ื‘ื ื”, ื•ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ โ€“ ืฉืœ ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื”, ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื, ืžืชื•ืš ืžื’ืžื” ืœื”ืขืฆื™ื ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืฉื‘ื ื”ื™ื’ื”.
    
ื‘ืกืคืจ ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ืœื ื• ืจืขื, ื›ื™ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืžืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ืžืœื ื‘โ€™ืคื˜ืคื•ื˜โ€™, ื›ื•ืœื ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ืขื ื›ื•ืœื, ืืš ืœืจื•ื‘ ืื™ื ื ื• ืฉืžื™ื ืœื‘ ืœื–ื” (ื•ืื ืฉืžื™ื ืœื‘, ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื™ืชื•ืช). ื”ืกืคืจ ืžืœื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ื•ืคืจืฉื ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืฉืœ ืื•ืคื ื™ ื ื”ื™ื’ื”, ื•ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื ื”ื’ื™ื.

ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืจืขื, ื”ื ื• ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืžื–ื” ื›-25 ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช. ื”ืฉื›ืœืชื• ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช ืœื ื•ืฉื ื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช (ืชืืจ ืฉื ื™). ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘, ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืคืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ื”ื•ื ืžื ื—ื” ืกื“ื ืื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืคืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืง ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื•ืžืจืฆื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืขื™ื•ืŸ, ื›ื ืกื™ื ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื›ืชื‘ 5 ืกืคืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.

ื”ืืชืจ ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืจืขืwww.hagut.net

ืœืงืจื•ื ืขื•ื“โ€ฆ

ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืชื•ื“ืขื”

ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืชื•ื“ืขื”

ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืจืขื

ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื ื™ืกืŸ2010ืขื™ื•ืŸืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”274 ืขืžโ€™ ืžื•ื“ืคืกื™ื

ืกืคืจ ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืขืชื™ืง ื•ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช, ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ื ืžืชืคืชื—: โ€œืื™ืžื•ืŸ (ืงื•ืืฆโ€™ื™ื ื’) ืชื•ื“ืขืชื™โ€

ืžืกื•ืคืจ ืขืœ ื—ืกื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืจื‘ื™. ื›ืฉืฉืืœื• ืื•ืชื• ืžื” ืœืžื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื™, ืขื ื” โ€œืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืจื•ื›ืก ืืช ืฉืจื•ื›ื™ ื ืขืœื™ื•โ€.

ื‘ืกืคืจ ื–ื”, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉื‘ืจื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื, ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืžื˜ืจื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืชื•ื”ื” ื•ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื: ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืืฆืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™.

ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืจ ื•ื”ื›ื•ื—ื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ืขื“ืจ ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ืืžืคืชื™ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ืœืฉ ื•ื”ืคื’ื™ืข. ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื ื•ืืฉ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื‘ืื”ื‘ื”, ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช, ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ื•ื”ืืฉืžื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช. ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื˜ืจืื•ืžื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช, ื”ืžืจื“ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ, ืžืฆื™ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“. ื•ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื ืœื ืฉืœ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื•ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช.

ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืžืœื™ื ื”ืกื•ื’ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ:

โ€œืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื ืขื“ืจ ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื–ื” ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ื”ื™ื ื•ื. ื•ื’ื™ื”ื™ื ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืคื” ืœื ื• ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื›ืืŸ, ื•ื‘ื• ืฉื ื™ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื: ืงื•ืจ ืžืงืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื“ืจ ื—ื•ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื•ื—ื•ืฉืš ื”ืฆืœืžื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื“ืจ ืื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช.โ€

ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื•ื ื“ืจื›ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืขืฆื™ื ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’. ื•ืื›ืŸ ื”ื–โ€™ืื ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช.

ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืจืขื

ื‘ืขื‘ืจื• ืžืจืฆื” ื•ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืืœ ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช, ืœืžื“ ืžืฉื—ืง, ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช.

ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืจืขื ืขื•ืกืง ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืงืจ, ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”.

ืคื™ืจืกื ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช, ื•ื”ืขืจืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืฉืคืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.

ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืขืœ ืืื•ื˜ืกื™ื™ื“ืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื”ื•ื ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• โ€“ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื–ืจื™ื ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื“ืข ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื“ื ื˜ืจื™.

ืœืžื—ื‘ืจ, ืืชืจ ืฉื‘ื• ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื•:

ืœืงืจื•ื ืขื•ื“โ€ฆ

ืืื•ื˜ืกื™ื™ื“ืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื

ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืจืขื

ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ืืืคืจื™ืœ 2006ืขื™ื•ืŸ493 ืขืžโ€™ ืžื•ื“ืคืกื™ื

ืืื•ื˜ืกื™ื™ื“ืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื, ืื• ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘, ืœืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก, ืœืกื“ืจ ื”ืงื™ื™ื. ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื›ืœืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื ืžื™ืขื•ื˜, ืืš ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืชื™ืจื• ื—ื•ืชื, ื”ื ืจื•ื‘ ืœื ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืœ. ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืชื— ืืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืœืœื ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ ื•ื”ืื ื˜ื™-ืžืžืกื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื. ืจื™ื™ืžื•ื ื“ ืงืืจื‘ืจ ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ื: โ€œืงื•ืจื” ืฉืื“ื ื ื•ืœื“ ืœืชื•ืš ืืจืฅ ื–ืจื” ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืื‘ ื•ืื, ืื—ื™ื ื•ืื—ื™ื•ืช, ืฉืคื” ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช โ€“ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืืช ื–ื”. ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืื‘ ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ, ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืกืข ื—ื–ืจื” ืืœ ืืจืฅ ืžื•ืœื“ืชื•, ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”, ื•ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืื›ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžืชโ€ฆโ€ ืจื™ื™ืžื•ื ื“ ืงืืจื‘ืจ, ืฉื™ืจื™ื. ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืจืขื ืกื•ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื™ืขื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืื•ื˜ืกื™ื™ื“ืจื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืงื˜ ืขืžื“ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื’ื•ืจืœื ื”ืงืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืื•ื˜ืกื™ื™ื“ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื”ื, ืžื ืชื— ื•ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืืื•ื˜ืกื™ื™ื“ืจื™ื•ืช (ื ื™ื›ื•ืจ, ื—ืจื™ื’ื•ืช, ืงื•ื ืคื•ืจืžื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื•ืช ื ื™ื”ื™ืœื™ื–ื ื•ืขื•ื“), ื•ืžื’ื™ืฉ ืœืงื•ืจื ืืช โ€œื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืœืืื•ื˜ืกื™ื™ื“ืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ืจื“ื™ืโ€ โ€“ ื”ื”ื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืื™-ื ื—ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืฆืื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืžืกื“. โ€œื”ืจื™ืžื• ื›ื•ืกื™ืช ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื, ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื, ื”ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื, ืขื•ืฉื™ ื”ืฆืจื•ืช, ื”ื™ืชื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื’ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืจื•ื‘ืขื™ื, ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืฉื•ื ื™ืจืืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก ืงื•ื•. ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆื˜ื˜ ืื•ืชื, ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืขืœื™ื”ื, ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ื ืก ืื• ืœื’ื“ืฃ ืื•ืชื. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืžืฉื ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ื”ื ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื–ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืงื“ื™ืžื”. ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ื›ืืœื” ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื’ืื•ื ื™ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื“ื™ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื”ื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืขืฉื• ืืช ื–ื”.โ€ ืกื˜ื™ื‘ ื’โ€™ื•ื‘ืก, ืžื ื›โ€ืœ ื•ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืืคืœ.

ืœืงืจื•ื ืขื•ื“โ€ฆ

ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื™ืœื™ื

ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื™ืœื™ื

ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืจืขืื ื™ืœื™ ืจืขื

ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ื2001ืขื™ื•ืŸืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ื ื•ืขืฆื•ืช328 ืขืžโ€™ ืžื•ื“ืคืกื™ื

ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื’ื‘ืจื™ื โ€“ ืื—ืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืกื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกื›ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื•ืช? ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœื™ืš ื•ืžื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืœืคื™ื™ืš? ื”ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื“ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื›ื™ ื”โ€ื’ื•ืฃ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืฉืงืจโ€. ื‘ืกืคืจ ื–ื” ืชืžืฆืื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ ื”ืžืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืชืงื“ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื”ืชืื”ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืกืคืจ ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื“ืขืช: * ืื™ืš ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืžื™ืจื” ืฉืงืจื™ืช ืืฆืœ ื‘ืŸ-ื”ื–ื•ื’? * ื”ืื ื’ื™ืฉืชืš ื‘ื•ื˜ื” ืžื“ื™ ื•ืžืจืชื™ืขื”? * ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืช ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ืช? * ืžื” ื”ื โ€œืื™ืชื•ืชื™ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื”โ€ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื? * ืื™ืš ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื“ื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื ืืžืจืช ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื? * ืื™ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื”ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืฉืคืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื–ื•ื’ื™ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ? ื”ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉืœื ื•ื”ืžืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืžืกืจื™ื ืœื ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื โ€“ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืขื“ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื–ื•ื’ื™. ืฉืคืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉืคืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช, ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืกืคืงื•ืช.

ืžืงื•ืจ

ืฉืคืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ

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